Review Resources related to hypothesis testing, meaningfulness, and statistical

Question

Review Resources related to hypothesis testing, meaningfulness, and statistical significance.

Review the American Statistical Association’s press release and consider the misconceptions and misuse of p-values.

Consider the scenario:

A research paper claims a meaningful contribution to the literature based on finding statistically significant relationships between predictor and response variables. In the footnotes, you see the following statement, “given this research was exploratory in nature, traditional levels of significance to reject the null hypotheses were relaxed to the .10 level.”

By Day 3

Post your response to the scenario in which you critically evaluate this footnote. As a reader/reviewer, what response would you provide to the authors about this footnote?

Explanation / Answer

As a scholar parctioner it is important for you to understand that just because a hypothesis test indiactes arelationship exits between an intevention and an outcome ,there is adifference between groups.or there is acorrelation between two constructs.itdoes not always provide adefacult measure for its importance.although.relationship are significant they can be very minute realtionships.very small difference or very weak correlation .in the end.we need to ask whether the realtionships or difference observed are large enough that we should make some practical change in policy or practice.

The p-value was slightly above conventional thershold ,but was described as "rapidly approaching significance (p=0.6).an independent samples test was used to dertermine whether stuednt satification levels in a quantitative reasoning course differed between the traditional calssroom and on -line environments .the samples consisted of T -students in four face -to-face classes at atraditional state university (n=65) and four online classes offered at the same university (n=69) .students reported their level of satisfaction on fivepoint scale,with higher values indiacting higher levels of satisfation .since the study was exploratory in nature ,levels of significance were relaxed to the .10 level .the test was significant t(132)=1.8,p=.074 ,where in students face -to-face calss reported lower levels of satisfaction (M=3.39,SD=1.8) than did those in the on line sections(M=3.89,SD=1.4) we therfore conclude that on average,students in online reasoning classes have higher levels of satisfaction .the results of this study are significant because they provide educators with evidence of waht medium works better in producing quantitatively knowledgeable practitiners

2. A results report that does not find any effect and also has small sample size (possibly no effect detected due to lack of power).Aone-way analysis of variance was used to test whether arealtionship exists betwen educational attainment and race.the dependent variable of education was measured as number of yeras of education complted.the race factor had three attributes of European American(n=36).African American(n=23) and Hispanic (n=18).

Press release as follows:

.American statistical Association Releases Statements On Statistical Significance And P-values proviedes Principles to improve the conduct and ineterpretation of Quantitative Science march 7,2016.The American Statistiacal Association (ASA) has released a "Statement on Statistical Significance and P-values with six principles underlyning the proper use and interpreation of the p-value.The ASA releases this guidance on p-values to improve the conduct and interpretation of quantitative science and inform the growing emphasis on reproducibility of science .research The statement also notes that the incresed quantification of scientific reserach and a proliferation of alarge,complex data sets has expanded the scope for statistics and the importance or appropriately chosen techniques.properly conducted analysis,and correct interpreation .Good statisatical practice is an essential componet of good scientific practice .observes and such practice "emphasizes principles of good staudy design and conduct" a variety of numeriacal and graphical summaries of data,understanding of the phenomenon under study,interpretation of results in context.complets reporting and proper logical and quantitative understanding of what data summaries."The p-value was never intended to be a substitute for scientific reasoning"

1. p-values can indiacate how incompatible the data are with a specified statisatiacal model.

2.. P-values donot measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is,true or the probability that the data were produced by random c hance alone.

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