Assuming the final estimates in Table 3 are accurate, why would the odds ratios

Question

Assuming the final estimates in Table 3 are accurate, why would the odds ratios be much higher in monozygotic vs dizygotic twins?

A. There are parental behavioral confounders that increase the association between low birth weight and the development of asthma.

B. The difference is due to the difference in BMI and or exercise

C. There are genetic confounders/child development confounders that diminish the observed association between low birth weight and the development of asthma.

D. The small sample size in the monozygotic twins led to spurious results.

TABLE 3 Conditional Logistic Regression With Birth Weight as a Continuous Predictor for Asthma Using the Twin Pairs That Are Discordant Regarding Asthma in a Sample of Monozygotic or Dizygotic Same-Sex Twins Zygosity Pairs OR (95% Cl) Monozygotic All Preterm wk 37 157 76 81 242 (1.00-5.88) 2.26 (0.60-8.55) 2.56 (0.78-8.40) 050 .23 12 Dizygotic same sex AIl Pretermwk 37 Term wk 37 286 108 178 1.25 (0.74-2.10) 1.66 (0.65-4.26) 1.08 (0.58-2.03) 40 29 81 Shown are all subjects, also categorized as those children born pretermandterm, respectively. The OR is given for decrease of birth weight in kilograms. Three twin pairs had differently recorded GA and separate categories of preterm/term; therefore, they were excluded from the analysis.

Explanation / Answer

C. The reason behind non-causal association might be due to a third variable. The phenomenon is called confounding. This variable is not the intermediate variablein the causal pathway, but is causally associated with th eoutcome of interest and causally or non-causally associated with the exposure.

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