1. State which of the epidemiological principles (Hill’s guidelines for causalit

Question

1. State which of the epidemiological principles (Hill’s guidelines for causality) is supported by each of the statements below.

a.) “The death rate from lung cancer increases with the number of cigarettes smoked daily.

b.) By 1964, a total of 36 different studies have found an association between smoking and lung cancer.

c.) The risk of lung cancer among smokers is 20.0 times the risk of lung cancer among nonsmokers.

d.) Smoking other tobacco products such as pipes and cigars also increase the risk of oral cancers.

Explanation / Answer

c.) The risk of lung cancer among smokers is 20.0 times the risk of lung cancer among nonsmokers.

option c

because in 1965 , Sir Austin Bradford Hill proposed guidelines for assessing causality studies have shown the risk of lung cancer 20 fold or more when heavy smokers are compared with non smokers

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