2. Explain a linear relationship without references to a graph. 3. Explain the d

Question

2. Explain a linear relationship without references to a graph. 3. Explain the difference between reliability and validity of measurements. Elaborate. 4. When is it appropriate to use comparison of means instead of crosstabulation? 5. Each of the following conclusions is based on a relationship between X and Y that could be spurious. For each one: () Identify a plausible control variable, Z. (i) Briefly describe how z might be affecting the relationship between X and Y A. The level of ice cream sales (X) and crime rate (Y) are strongly related: As sales go up, so does the crime rate. Conclusion: To reduce the crime rate, ice cream should be prohibited. B. When one looks at the relationship between marital status (X) and party identification (Y), one finds: Married people are more likely to be Republican than people that are not married. Conclusion: Getting married causes people to become Republican C. Individuals' attendance at religious services (X) is related to the number of children they have (Y). Conclusion: Declining religious attendance causes declining birthrates 6. Suppose you want to model a set of interaction relationships between Catholicism, religious attendance, and abortion beliefs. You think that the positive effect of religious attendance on anti-abortion attitudes is significantly stronger for Catholics than non-Catholics. To construct the interaction model, you will build on the base effects of the model y= a + bi (Catholic) + b2 (high attendance), where "Catholic" is a Catholic/non-Catholic dummy (Catholics are coded 1, non-Catholics coded 0) and "high attendance" is a high

Explanation / Answer

Question 2

A linear relationship means that there is a linear relation between dependent and independent variable. That means independent varaible change with a constant rate with change in dependent variable.

Question 3

Reliability is the degree to which an assessment tool produces stable and consistent results. Like it provides a range in which the tool is reliable. Validity refers to how well a test measures what it is purported to measure. Validity ensures that A test has valid data.

QUestion 4

Crosstabulation is required when there is a need to know the interaction between two variables. Comparison of means required to know the difference between these two populations and their characteristics.

Question 5

A spurious relationship is a relationship  in which two or more events or variables are not causally related to each other, yet it may be wrongly inferred that they are, due to either coincidence or the presence of a certain third, unseen factor.

(A) Ice crime Sale(X) and Crime Rate(Y)

Answer ; The heat wave in the City. When there is heat wave in the city, there is high chance that ice cream sales will be up and that also prompts people and also for criminals to work in the night so that would also promotes the crime rate.

(B) Married Status (X) and Party Identification (Y)

Answer : The Age of adults. At a certain age people tend to marry. Percentage of people getting married in 18-30 age is less than above 30 people so That prompts people to get married. There is also a convention that more aged people tend to more conservative and have affiliation towards Republican party which has more conservative approach.

(c) Religious Services (X) and Number of Children (Y)

Answer : The free time available for an individual . If any person have more free time from their work and study they tend to devote to religious services. Similarly, if people have to more free time, they can produce baby or they can take care of their baby so they tend to plan for more babies. People with less free time for work, used to produce less babies due to nurturing problem for their babies.

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