Chang, Sandhofer, and Brown (2011) wondered whether mothers used number words mo
ID: 3149550 • Letter: C
Question
Chang, Sandhofer, and Brown (2011) wondered whether mothers used number words more with their preschool sons than with their preschool daughters. Each participating family included one mother and one child—either female or male. They speculated that early exposure to more number words might predispose children to like mathematics. They reported the following: “An independent-samples t test revealed statistically significant differences in the percentages of overall numeric speech used when interacting with boys compared with girls, t(30) = 2.40, p < .05, d = .88. That is, mothers used number terms with boys an average of 9.49% of utterances (SD = 6.78%) compared with 4.64% of utterances with girls (SD = 4.43%)” (pp. 444–445).
a) Is this a between-groups or within-groups design? Explain your answer.
b) What is the independent variable? What is the dependent variable?
c) How many children were in the total sample? Explain how you determined this.
d) Is the sample likely randomly selected? Is it likely that the researchers used random assignment?
e) Were the researchers able to reject the null hypothesis? Explain.
f) What can you say about the size of the effect?
Explanation / Answer
Chang, Sandhofer, and Brown (2011) wondered whether mothers used number words more with their preschool sons than with their preschool daughters. Each participating family included one mother and one child—either female or male. They speculated that early exposure to more number words might predispose children to like mathematics. They reported the following: “An independent-samples t test revealed statistically significant differences in the percentages of overall numeric speech used when interacting with boys compared with girls, t(30) = 2.40, p < .05, d = .88. That is, mothers used number terms with boys an average of 9.49% of utterances (SD = 6.78%) compared with 4.64% of utterances with girls (SD = 4.43%)” (pp. 444–445).
a) Is this a between-groups or within-groups design? Explain your answer.
This is a between-groups design because two groups, mothers with male child are compared with mothers with female child.
b) What is the independent variable? What is the dependent variable?
Independent variable: Type of child (female or male)
Dependent variable: number words by mothers with their child
c) How many children were in the total sample? Explain how you determined this.
Total sample size = 32 ( n-2 = df=30)
d) Is the sample likely randomly selected? Is it likely that the researchers used random assignment?
The samples are likely randomly selected.
It is not likely that the researchers used random assignment.
e) Were the researchers able to reject the null hypothesis? Explain.
Yes, null hypothesis is rejected, because p <.05.
f) What can you say about the size of the effect?
Effect size 0.88 which is large.
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