(Hypothetical data) Is a person’s race related to victimization? Suppose you hav
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Question
(Hypothetical data) Is a person’s race related to victimization? Suppose you have surveyed 30 people. You ask them:
Would you describe yourself as White (w) or Non-White (n)?
Would you describe yourself as Middle (m) or Working (w) Class?
Have you been a victim of a crime in the past year? (Yes = 1 or No = 0)
Case
Race
Class
Victim
N_times_vic
1
w
w
1
1
2
w
m
0
0
3
n
w
1
1
4
n
w
1
1
5
n
w
1
2
6
w
w
0
0
7
w
m
0
0
8
w
m
0
0
9
w
w
1
1
10
n
w
1
1
11
n
w
1
2
12
w
m
0
0
13
n
w
0
0
14
w
w
0
0
15
n
w
1
1
16
w
m
0
0
17
w
w
1
2
18
w
w
1
1
19
w
w
1
1
20
n
m
0
0
21
n
m
1
2
22
w
w
1
1
23
w
w
0
0
24
n
w
1
1
25
w
m
0
0
26
w
w
1
1
27
n
m
0
0
28
n
w
0
0
29
n
w
0
0
30
w
m
1
1
Construct a bivariate table of frequencies for race and victimization. Which is the independent variable?
Calculate percentages for the table based on the independent variable. Describe the relationship between race and victimization using the table.
Use the data to construct a bivariate table to compare victimization experience of those who are middle class and those who are working class. Use percentages to show whether there is a difference between middle class and working class experience.
In the problem above, you examined racial and social class differences in victimization. You now wonder if the racial difference you found might be related to social class.
Construct Tables showing the relationship between victimization, race and social class.
Interpret the results.
Chapter 11
Imagine that we have conducted a much larger research project using the variables in the first question (race, class and victimization)
Table 1
Race
Victimization
White
Non-white
Total
Yes
94
242
336
No
343
295
638
Total
437
537
974
What is the number of degrees of freedom for Table 1?
Test the null hypothesis that race and victimization are independent (alpha = .05). What do you conclude?
Imagine a separate study, using the same set of variables.
Table 2
Middle Class
Race
Victimization
White
Non-white
Total
Yes
59
160
219
No
253
224
477
Total
312
384
696
Table 3
Working Class
Race
Victimization
White
Non-white
Total
Yes
7
52
59
No
41
38
79
Total
48
90
138
Which class group has the higher percentage of respondents indicating that they have been a victim of crime in the past year?
For each class, test they hypothesis that race and reported victimization are independent (alpha = .01).
Case
Race
Class
Victim
N_times_vic
1
w
w
1
1
2
w
m
0
0
3
n
w
1
1
4
n
w
1
1
5
n
w
1
2
6
w
w
0
0
7
w
m
0
0
8
w
m
0
0
9
w
w
1
1
10
n
w
1
1
11
n
w
1
2
12
w
m
0
0
13
n
w
0
0
14
w
w
0
0
15
n
w
1
1
16
w
m
0
0
17
w
w
1
2
18
w
w
1
1
19
w
w
1
1
20
n
m
0
0
21
n
m
1
2
22
w
w
1
1
23
w
w
0
0
24
n
w
1
1
25
w
m
0
0
26
w
w
1
1
27
n
m
0
0
28
n
w
0
0
29
n
w
0
0
30
w
m
1
1
Explanation / Answer
Degrees of freedom, df=(r-1)*(c-1)=(2-1)*(2-1)=1
H0: Race and victimization are independent.
H1: Race and victimization are not independent.
Perform Chi-sqaure test statistic:
[Note:Expected cell frequency=(row marginal*column marginal)/total]
The p value is 0.000. The p value is less than alpha=0.05. Therefore, reject null hypothesis to conclude that race and victimization are not independent.
Observed Expected (Observed-Expected) (Observed-Expected)^2/Expected 94 150.8[(336*437)/974] -56.8 21.36 242 185.2 56.8 17.39 343 286.2 56.8 11.25 295 361.8 -56.8 9.16 X^2=59.158Related Questions
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