Translation: From RNA to Protein 1. How is it possible that 4 nucleotides can co
ID: 3165722 • Letter: T
Question
Translation: From RNA to Protein
1. How is it possible that 4 nucleotides can code for 20 amino acids?
2. What is meant by the fact that the genetic code is redundant?
3. How is tRNA involved in the process of transcription?
4. How is it possible that 31 different tRNAs can translate 64 different codons?
5. Describe the process by which tRNA and amino acids are joined.
6. What is the role of ribosomes in translation? Describe how the structure of ribosomes fit their function.
7. What is the codon that is responsible for initiating translation? How does the presence of this codon aid in the initiation of the translation process?
8. Describe the process of initiating translation.
9. Describe the process of elongation during translation. How do codons move through the ribosome? In which site of the ribosome are new amino acids added to the growing polypeptide chain?
10. What are the three stop codons used in translation? How do they stop the process of translation?
11. Why does translation occur in a 5’ to 3’ direction when DNA is read in a 3’ to 5’ direction?
12. Define polyribosomes.
13. What is the role of polyribosomes in the cell? Why is it important for the cell to have the ability to create polyribosomes?
14. Many pharmaceuticals target ribosomes and interfere with translation. How do these pharmaceuticals affect cellular function?
15. A new pharmaceutical targets the A site of the ribosome. Describe, in detail, at what stage of the process of translation this pharmaceutical would affect the ribosome.
Explanation / Answer
Answer 1: Since we can make total 64 combinations by using 4 nucleotides by taking 3 nucleotides at a time.
These 64 combinations then can be used for degenrative coding (more than one codon per amino acid, in most cases) for 20 amino acids.
For example : code for amino acid glycine is CCA, CCG, CCT, CCC
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