A. DNA and Protein Synthesis 1. What are the main enzymes involved and what does

Question

A. DNA and Protein Synthesis
1. What are the main enzymes involved and what does each do?

2. What are the 2 steps of protein synthesis and what is the outcome of eachstep?

B. Biotech

3. What is transgenic biology and what are the main steps involved in the process?

4. What is cloning and how is it done?

5. What are the three types of stem cells and how are they different from each other?

6. What is an iPSC (Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell) and provide two reasons they are beneficial?

Please do not attempt if you're not going to asnwer all the questions. Kindly looking for help. TIA,

Explanation / Answer

A.1.

Enzymes involved in DNA synthesis (replication):

Helicase: it catalyses the unwinding of the double helix of DNA at the replication fork.

Topoisomerase: it introduces a single-strand nick in the DNA, enables it to swivel and thus relieves the accumulated winding strain generated during unwinding of the double helix.

Single Strand Binding Proteins: they hold the DNA replication fork open while polymerases read the sequence.

Primase: it synthesises RNA primers to act as a template for starting DNA synthesis.

DNA Polymerase III: it synthesises nucleotides onto the leading end in 5' to 3' direction.

DNA Polymerase I: it synthesises nucleotides onto primers on the lagging strand, forming Okazaki fragments.

Ligase: it joins Okazaki fragments together to create a continuous strand.

Nuclease: it excuses or cuts out unwanted or defective segments of nucleotides in a DNA sequence.

Enzymes involved in Protein synthesis:

RNA polymerase: it transcribes DNA to mRNA (transcription).

Ribosomes: these are the sites of polypeptide synthesis, catalysing the polymerization of amino acids into polypeptide chain using mRNA as template.

A.2.

The two steps of protein synthesis are transcription and translation.

Transcription involves copying of DNA into mRNA (messenger RNA) by RNA polymerase. It copies the sequence information from DNA for utilization in protein synthesis. The outcome of transcription is mRNA.

Translation involves the use of mRNA as the template to polymerise amino acids into polypeptide chain at ribosomes. The outcome of translation is polypeptide chain (protein).

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