the table summarizes results from an experiment in which subjects were first cla

Question

the table summarizes results from an experiment in which subjects were first classified as smokers or nonsmokers, then they were first classified as smokers or nonsmokers, then they were given a treatment, then later they were again classified as smokers or nonsmokers.

1) Sample size How many subjects are included in the experiment?

2) Treatment Effectiveness How many subjects changed their smoking status after the treatment?

3) Critical value Using 0.01 significance level, find the critical value

4) Based on the preceding results, what do you conclude? How does the conclusion make sense in terms of the orginal sample results?

Before Treatment Before treatment Smoke Don't Smoke After treatment smoke 50 6 Don't Smoke 8 80

Explanation / Answer

1)total number of subjects =50+6+8+80 =144

2)after treatment change in treatement =8-6=2

3)

3)critical value for 1 degree of freedom and 0.01 level =6.6349

4) from above the status of smoking is not indepent of treatment

Observed O smoke do not smoke Total smoke 50 6 56 do not smoke 8 80 88 Total 58 86 144 Expected E=rowtotal*column total/grand total smoke do not smoke Total smoke 22.556 33.444 56 do not smoke 35.444 52.556 88 Total 58 86 144 chi square =(O-E)^2/E smoke do not smoke Total smoke 33.393 22.521 55.914 do not smoke 21.250 14.331 35.582 Total 54.643 36.852 91.495

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