A study examined patterns and characteristics of volunteer service for young peo
ID: 3182126 • Letter: A
Question
A study examined patterns and characteristics of volunteer service for young people from high school through early adulthood. Here are some data that can be used to compare males and females on participation in unpaid volunteer service or community service and motivation for participation.
Note that the percents in each row sum to 100%.
(a) Graphically compare the volunteer-service profiles for men and women. Describe any differences that are striking. (Choose the correct answer below)
Men dominate every category.
Women have a noticeably higher percentage in the strictly voluntary category.
There are no striking differences.
Women dominate every category.
(b) Find the proportion of men who volunteer. Do the same for women. Compute the relative risk of being a volunteer for females versus males. (Round your answer for relative risk to two decimal places.)
Write a clear sentence contrasting females and males using relative risk as your numerical summary. (Choose the correct answer below)
Men and women participate equally.
A higher percentage of women were participants.
A higher percentage of men were participants.
none of the above
Participants Motivation Gender Strictly Voluntary Court-ordered Other Non-participants Men 33.3% 3.0% 5.6% 58.1% Women 43.2% 1.3% 5.7% 49.8%Explanation / Answer
a)
Let us consider a graph in which on the Y axis we have plotted the percentages and the X axis has been divided into three partitions,as follows:- Strictly Voluntary,Court-Ordered and Other which are the three categories of participants in the volunteer service profile of men and women.
Say,for example on the graph corresponding to the categories mentioned above,we plot the points (33.3,3.0,5.6) which represents the percentages of men involved in the above mentioned respective three categories of volunteer service profile. Similarly, on the same graph corresponding to the categories mentioned above,we plot the points (43.2,1.3,5.7) which represents the percentages of women involved in the above mentioned respective three categories of volunteer service profile.
With respect to category 1 i.e. Strict Voluntary service, we can clearly observe that women participants were (43.2-33.3)% i.e. 9.9% more than the men participants.
With respect to category 2 i.e. Court-ordered, we can clearly observe that men participants were (3.0-1.3)% i.e. 1.7% more than the women participants.
With respect to category 3 i.e. other , we can clearly observe that women participants were (5.7-5.6)% i.e. 0.1% more than the men participants.
Based on the above mentioned three facts,we cannot say the following:-
(i) Men dominate every category.
(ii) There are no striking differences.
(iii) Women dominate every category.
Therefore we can say the fact for sure that :-
Women have a noticeably higher percentage in the strictly voluntary category .
b)
Proportion of men who volunteered = (33.3+3.0+5.6) / (33.3+3.0+5.6+58.1) = 41.9/100 = 0.419
Proportion of women who volunteered= (43.2+1.3+5.7) / (43.2+1.3+5.7+49.8) = 50.2/100 = 0.502
Let us consider the two way contingency table below :-
Now,the Relative Risk,(say R) is the ratio of the probability of the exposed group (here the group of women participants in the Volunteer Service) to the probability of the event occuring in the comparison,the non exposed group (here the group of men participants in the Volunteer Service) .
and hence Relative Risk (R) = (50.2 / (50.2+49.8)) / (41.9 / (41.9+58.1)) = ( 50.2 / 100) / (41.9 / 100 )
= 1.198090692
Therefore,based on the value of the Relative Risk so obtained,we can clearly say that women will be 1.198090692 times as likely as men to participate in Volunteer Service.
Hence, A higher percentage of women were participants. (Answer)
RISK Participants in VOLUNTEER SERVICE(in percentages) Nonparticipants in VOLUNTEER SERVICE(in percentages) Men 41.9 58.1 Women 50.2 49.8Related Questions
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