Consider each of the following scenarios and state whether or not the variable i

Question

Consider each of the following scenarios and state whether or not the variable in question is a confounder, and why.

A study of the risk of pulmonary hypertension among women who take diet drugs to lose weight. The crude relative risk of pulmonary hypertension comparing diet drug users to non-users is 17.0 and the age adjusted relative risk is 5.0.

Is age a confounder in this study?

A cohort study of liver cancer among alcoholics. Incidence rates of liver cancer among alcoholic men are compared to a group of non-alcoholic men.

Is gender a confounder in this study?

A case-control study of the risk of beer consumption and oral cancer among men. In this study, cigarette smoking is associated with beer consumption and is a risk factor for oral cancer among both beer drinkers and nondrinkers.

Is cigarette smoking a confounder in this study?

Please if you answer can you briefly explain why so I can understand it. I just do not want the answer I want to understand them too.

Explanation / Answer

Yes, age appears to be a confounder.

No.

Yes, smoking is likely to be a confounder

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