Smoking remains more common in much of Europe than in the United States. In the

ID: 3222911 • Letter: S

Question

Smoking remains more common in much of Europe than in the United States. In the United States, there is a strong relationship between education and smoking: well-educated people are less likely to smoke. Does a similar relationship hold in France? Here is a two-way table of the level of education and smoking status (nonsmoker, former smoker, moderate smoker, heavy smoker) of a sample of 456 French men aged 20 to 60 years. The subjects are a random sample of men who visited a health center for a routine checkup. We are willing to consider them an SRS of men from their region of France.

The null hypothesis states that there is no relationship between these variables. That is, the distribution of smoking is the same for all three levels of education.

(a) Find the expected counts for each smoking status among men with a university education. This is one row of the two-way table of expected counts. Find the row total and verify that it agrees with the row total for the observed counts.

Use two decimals for the expected counts and a whole number for the total.

(b) We conjecture that men with a university education smoke less than the null hypothesis calls for. How does comparing the observed and expected counts in this row confirm this conjecture? Select all that applyThe nonsmoker count is lower than expected.The nonsmoker count is higher than expected.The heavy-smoker count is more than expected.The heavy-smoker count is less than expected.

Education Smoking Status Nonsmoker Former Moderate Heavy Primary school 55 52 40 35 Secondary school 39 43 25 33 University 51 28 38 17

Explanation / Answer

The nonsmoker count is higher than expected.

.The heavy-smoker count is less than expected.

Observed O Non ssmokers Former Moderate Heavy Total Primary school 55 52 40 35 182 Secondary school 39 43 25 33 140 University 51 28 38 17 134 Total 145 123 103 85 456 Expected E=rowtotal*column total/grand total Non ssmokers Former Moderate Heavy Total Primary school 57.873 49.092 41.110 33.925 182 Secondary school 44.518 37.763 31.623 26.096 140 University 42.610 36.145 30.268 24.978 134 Total 145 123 103 85 456 chi square =(O-E)^2/E Non ssmokers Former Moderate Heavy Total Primary school 0.143 0.172 0.030 0.034 0.379 Secondary school 0.684 0.726 1.387 1.826 4.623 University 1.652 1.835 1.975 2.548 8.011 Total 2.479 2.734 3.392 4.408 13.0133

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Smoking remains more common in much of Europe than in the United States. In the

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