1. Correlational research allows the researcher to answer questions such as: wha
ID: 3224310 • Letter: 1
Question
1. Correlational research allows the researcher to answer questions such as:
what is the relationship between Variable A and Variable B?
T F
2. Scatterplots are used to investigate the relationship between Variable A and Variable B.
T F
3. A researcher wishes to study developmental changes in the music people prefer to listen to.
The researcher locates 50 people who are about 20 years old. She sends these people a
questionnaire every year for the next 10 years asking about the types of music they prefer to
listen to. This is an example of a nested design.
T F
4. Among survey methods, face-to-face interviews generally generate the highest response rate,
and mail questionnaires generally generate the lowest response rate.
T F
5. One advantage of questionnaires is : large numbers of people can be contacted for a relatively low cost.
T F
6. Regarding the length of questionnaires to be used in survey research, including a large
Number of items on the survey assures that you will get useful data for all of your trouble, is an
Accurate statement
T F
7. One of the rules of good survey writing is that the questions should be quantifiable.
T F
8. In descriptive research, the researcher typically studies a sample, then draws conclusions
About the population
T F
9. Mike Johnson is Chief Horticulturalist for the Southwest region, encompassing Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. He wants to survey amateur gardeners in her region to determine what, if any, water conservation practices they employ in their home gardening. Dr. Johnson sends his
survey to 100 randomly selected gardeners in each state. Dr. Johnson is using: purposive
sampling
T F
10. Simon Cinema, a political psychologist, wants to determine whether rates of voter participation in his home state vary between rural, urban, and suburban voters. He notes that there are more rural voters than suburban or urban voters in the state. Cinema should use simple random sampling in this study.
T F
11. John Peter wants to know what the audience thought of tonight’s advanced screening of a
heralded psychological thriller called “I Can’t Sleep.” He and his research assistants stand
outside the theatre exit and ask every sixth person leaving the theatre to answer several questions
about their impression of the movie. Peter is using: systematic sampling
T F
12. John Johnson wants to know the relationship between intrinsic motivation and course grade
among math students. He contacts a local professor who teaches several general education math
classes and asks about the possibility of gathering data in her classes. Dr. Johnson is using:
convenience sampling.
T F
13. John Fisher is studying public opinion regarding prayer in public schools. He plans to gather
survey data from a number of churches on Sunday mornings. He also wants to include a number
of people who are not associated with an organized religion in his sample. Fisher is using:
stratified random sampling.
T F
14. Experimental research differs from descriptive research in that it: attempts to determine causality.
T F
15. Dr. Kevin Martin wants to know whether a problem-based approach to teaching economics
will result in higher academic performance than his traditional method. Of the six sections of
Economics 101 at his university, Dr. Martin randomly assigns three sections to the traditional
method and three sections to the problem-based method. At the end of the semester, all students
complete the same final . In this design, students studying under the traditional method
constitute the: treatment group
T F
16. Dr. Kevin Martin wants to know whether a problem-based approach to teaching economics will result in higher academic performance than his traditional method. Of the six sections of
Economics 101 at his university, Dr. Martin randomly assigns three sections to the traditional
method and three sections to the problem-based method. At the end of the semester, all students
complete the same final . In this example, the score on the final as a measure of
academic performance is the independent variable
T F
17. Mike Goodman wanted to know which dog obedience training program was more effective:
Puppy Pride, the approach she has been using for many years, or Doggie Do-Right, a new
approach. Goodman convinced 50 human companions of untrained dogs to participate in his
study. The dogs and their humans were randomly assigned to complete the Puppy Pride or
Doggie Do-Right course. At the end of the training programs, all of the dogs were scored on
their level of obedience on a standardized dog obedience checklist (scores could range from 10
to 100). This study employed a _____________________________________________________
experimental design.
18. Dr. Jenkins wants to know if there are different opinions regarding the value of public school
education between Native Americans who have at least one relative who attended Indian
Boarding School and Native Americans who have no family experience with Indian Boarding
School. Dr. Jenkins contacts 35 Native American participants in each group. He wants each
group to include younger as well as older adults, and a mix of male and female participants. He
asks each person to complete a survey about their attitudes toward public education. In this
study:
The independent variable(s) is/are
The dependant Variable is
This design is (select one)
Two factors ex-post facto design
ii. Three factors ex-post facto design
iii. Solomon four group experiment design
20. The template for the Randomized Control Group Pretest-Posttest Design is given below
Group
Time ---à
Group 1
Group 2
T F
A distribution of scores that is positively skewed will have a large number of scores that
are very high.
are very low.
are clustered around the midpoint.
are all the same.
22. The template of One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design is given below
Group
Time ---à
Group 1
Group 2
T F
Marialexa conducts an economic study and asks her participants to provide information about their family incomes. First, they are asked to check one box from a list of three, indicating whether they consider themselves low-income, middle-income, or high-income. She refers to this as the self-identification variable. Then, they are asked (if they are willing) to provide their annual income in dollars. She refers to this as the dollar-figure variable. The study is both confidential and anonymous, and most people answer both questions. Which of the following statements accurately describes Marialexa’s variables?
Both are measured on ratio scale
The self-identification variable is measured on ratio scale and the dollar-figure variable is measured on ordinal scale
Both are measured on interval scale
The self-identification variable is measured on ordinal scale and the dollar-figure variable is measured on ratio scale
Marialexa conducts an economic study and asks her participants to provide information about their family incomes. First, they are asked to check one box from a list of three, indicating whether they consider themselves low-income, middle-income, or high-income. She refers to this as the self-identification variable. Then, they are asked (if they are willing) to provide their annual income in dollars. She refers to this as the dollar-figure variable. The study is both confidential and anonymous, and most people answer both questions. Which of the following statements accurately describes the data Marialexa collects?
The self-identification data are ordinal data and the dollar-figure data are ratio data.
The self-identification data are nominal data and the dollar-figure data are ratio data.
The self-identification data and the dollar-figure data both are interval data.
The self-identification data and the dollar-figure data both are ratio data.
A distribution of scores that is negatively skewed will have a small number of scores that
are very high. c. are very low.
are clustered around the midpoint. d. are all the same.
Frank Fitness found a correlation coefficient of –.74 between hours of strenuous exercise each week and a standard measure of body mass. He interprets this to mean that there is a weak, negative correlation between hours of strenuous exercise and body mass.
c.True b. False
26.Dr Watson wanted to narrow the 95% confidence interval for average final grade of all his students, keeping other factors constant, he should increase his sample size.
a.True b. False
27.Dr Watson wanted to widen the 95% confidence interval for average final grade of all his students, keeping other factors constant, he should increase his sample size.
a.True b. False
In a simple random sample of 100 high school students , the sample mean of the SAT scores was 1450, and the sample standard deviation was 150. For a 95% Confidence interval, the margin of error is approximately
3 b. 30 c. 290 d. 29
In a simple random sample of 100 high school students , the sample mean of the SAT scores was 1450, and the sample variance was 900. For a 95% Confidence interval, the margin of error is approximately
180 b. 18 c. 6 d. 29
In a simple random sample of 144 high school students, the sample mean of the SAT scores was 1200, and the sample standard deviation was 240. For testing the null hypothesis that the population of all the high school students’ SAT scores from which the sample was drawn is 1250 vs the research hypothesis is different from 1250. (using a significance level of 5%), we do not reject the null hypothesis.
a.True b. False
In a simple random sample of 100 college students , the sample mean of the GRE scores was 350, and the sample standard deviation was 150. The 95.4% confidence interval of the population mean is 350 +/- 30
T F
In a simple random sample of 100 college students , the sample mean of the SAT scores was 1450, and the sample standard deviation was 150. When testing the null hypothesis that the Population of all the college students’ GRE scores from which the sample was drawn is 200 vs the research hypothesis is different from 1400 (using a significance level of 5%) we reject the null hypothesis.
T F
In a simple random sample of 100 college students , the sample mean of the GRE scores was 350, and the sample standard deviation was 15. John is one of the selected students and his score is 380. His standardized z score is -2.
T F
34. When the data reflect an interval or ratio scale and the data fall in a normal distribution,
the correct statistical procedure to use will be
Non Parametric statistics b. Parametric statistics
35. When the data reflect an interval or ratio scale and the data do not fall in a normal distribution or the data reflect a nominal or ordinal scale the correct statistical procedure to use will be
Non Parametric statistics b. Parametric statistics
36.A medical researcher is concerned about mistakenly concluding that the new medication is not different from the old drug when really it is. What type of error is the researcher concerned about making
Type I b. Type II
37.A medical researcher is concerned about mistakenly concluding that a new medication is effective when it really is not. What type of error is the researcher concerned about making
Type I b. Type II
For a sample size of 5 observations, the grades are 6, 3, 7, 4, and 5.
The sample mean is
The sample mean median is
The sample range is
The sample variance is
38.In a normal distribution, approximately what percentage of scores falls between one standard deviation below the mean and two standard deviation above the mean?
16%
82%
68%
90%
39. The measure(s) of central tendency (location) that is/are appropriate or data that are positively skewed, is/are:
the median.
the mode.
the mean.
the range
40.When the median is the measure of central tendency, the _____ is the most appropriate and informative measure of dispersion.
standard deviation
range
mean
interquartile range
Qualitative research often involves what’s known as an iterative process for data collection and analysis. This terminology refers to the fact that, in qualitative research:
researchers focus more on narrative data than on statistics and numbers.
researchers typically do not begin by stating a hypothesis.
researchers may collect and analyze data, then collect and analyze some more data.
researchers first ask open-ended questions and then follow up with probing questions.
In this type of study design, a body of material is systematically examined for patterns, themes, or biases.
case study
ethnography
grounded theory
content analysis
In this type of study design, the researcher studies the deep meaning an event or situation holds for other people.
phenomenological c. ethnography
grounded theory d. content analysis
Daniel Daring is an emerging playwright whose works have begun to stir great passions in the major U.S. cities where they are staged. Researcher Eugenia Edge is “shadowing” Mr. Daring for six months in an attempt to understand the artistic process. Dr. Edge is probably employing which of the following qualitative research designs?
case study c. grounded theory
phenomenological d. content analysis
Helen Heartwell flew to New York City a few weeks after the September 11, 2001, bombing of the World Trade Center. She wanted to know how the victims of the attack were making sense of what had happened to them. Dr. Heartwell is probably employing which of the following qualitative research designs?
case study grounded theory
phenomenological ethnographic
Following are brief summaries of five potential research projects. Identify the qualitative methodology (46 – 50):
Case study d. Ethnography
Phenomenological study e. Grounded theory study
Content analysis
that is probably most appropriate for each project.
In an effort to learn the nature and appeal of long-standing men’s social groups, a researcher plans to spend a 9-month period with a local chapter (“lodge”) of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. By observing and interacting with the Elks, he hopes to observe the chapter’s meetings, rituals, and charitable activities and to discover the chapter’s beliefs, values, goals, and interpersonal dynamics.
Answer:
A researcher is intrigued by Asperger syndrome, a cognitive disability in which people have average or above-average intelligence and language skills but poor social skills and little or no ability to interpret other people’s nonverbal social cues (e.g., body language). The researcher wants to find out what it is like to be an adolescent with this syndrome—how a teenager is apt to feel about having few or no friends, being regularly excluded from classmates’ social activities, and so on.
Answer:
A researcher wants to determine how doctors, nurses, and other hospital staff members coordinate their actions when people with life-threatening traumatic injuries arrive at the emergency room. The researcher can find very little useful research on this topic in professional journals.
Answer:
A researcher wants to determine to what degree and in what ways television commercials might portray men and women in traditionally gender-stereotypical ways (e.g., how often men versus women are shown cleaning house, how often men versus women are shown making important business decisions).
Answer:
In order to learn how grassroots political parties emerge and develop over time, a researcher wants to study the origins and evolution of three recently established “Tea Party” groups, one in her own state and two in neighboring states.
Answer:
Group
Time ---à
Group 1
Group 2
Explanation / Answer
34) Parametric statistics
. A parametric statistical test makes an assumption about the population parameters and the distributions that the data came from. These types of test includes Student’s T tests and ANOVA tests, which assume data is from a normal distribution.
35) Nonparametric statistics
a nonparametric test, which doesn’t assume anything about the population parameters. Nonparametric tests include chi-square, Fisher’s exact test and the Mann-Whitney test.
36)
Type 2
Type I and Type II errors exist in an inverse relationship. So as the chance of making a Type I error decreases, the chance of making a Type II error (concluding that the medication is not effective when, in fact, it is) increases.
37) Type 1
The researcher is concerned about making a Type I error: concluding that there are differences between the medication and placebo groups when these are really due merely to chance. The researcher can reduce her chances of making a Type I error by reducing her probability (alpha) level-from .05 to .01 or even .001, for instance. The more stringent the probability level, the less likely the researcher will be to make a Type I error.
38) 68%
39) Mean
40) interquartile range
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