People with more education are often stereotyped as being more liberal than peop

Question

People with more education are often stereotyped as being more liberal than people with less education and therefore might be more likely to attribute inequality to discrimination. Is
there a relationship between educational degrees attained and attitudes about discrimination? The table below shows the correctly percentaged table with 2 and the associated p-value for 2010:

difference s due to rs highest degree discrimina HS Coll Grad Total tion 445 302 89 54 yes 29.18 37.19 35.66 41.22 77 803 510 216 n O 62.81 58.78 64.34 70.82 812 131 305 1,248 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Pearson chi2 (2) 8.1784 Pr o. 017

Explanation / Answer

The P-value is the probability of observing a sample statistic as extreme as the test statistic.

The P-value of 0.017 in this problem means

a) The five hypothesis testing steps are 1. Write null and alternative hypotheses. Also mention assumptions Ho : There is no relationship between educational degrees attained and attitudes about discrimination Ha : There is a relationship between educational degrees attained and attitudes about discrimination Assumptions : Sample is randomly drawn from the population Level of significance = 0.05 2. Calculate an appropriate test statistic Here the calculated test statistic is 2 and is equal to 8.1784 3. Determine the p value associated with the test statistic. p-value associated with 2 = 8.1784 is given as 0.017 4. Decide between the null and alternative hypotheses. 5. State the real world conclusion b) Since the p-value 0.017 < (0.05), we reject the null hypothesis It means there is a relationship between education degrees attained and attitudes about discrimination Since there is no steady increase in the percentages as the education degrees increase, the relationship appears to be nonlinear c)

The P-value is the probability of observing a sample statistic as extreme as the test statistic.

The P-value of 0.017 in this problem means

P(that a chi-square statistic having 2 degrees of freedom is more extreme than 8.1784) = 0.017 If the p-value was 0.000, it would mean there cannot be a sample 2 statistic more extreme than 8.1784 for 2 degrees of freedom

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