Arsenic is a chemical element present in the environmfrom both natural and human

Question

Arsenic is a chemical element present in the environmfrom both natural and human sources, including erosion of arsenic-containing rocks, volcanic eruptions, contamination from mining and smelting ores, and previous or current use of arsenic-containing pesticides. There are two types of arsenic compounds in water, food, air, and soi organic and inorganic (these together are referred to as "total arsenic"). The inorganic forms of arsenic are the forms that have been associated with long term health effects. Long-term exposure to high levels of arsenic is associated with higher rates of ski, bladder, and lung cancers as well as heart disease Arsenic may be present in many foods including grains, fruits, and vegetables where it is present due to absorption through the soil and water. Rice has higher levels of inorganic arsenic than other foods, in part because as rice plants grow, the plant and grain tend to absorb arsenic more readily than other food crops. I Ap 2016, the FDA proposed an action vel, o it, of 100 parts per (ppb) for inorganic arsenic in infant rce cereal. This level, which is based on the FDAs assessmnt of a large body of scientific information, seeks to reduce infant exposure to inorganic arsenic. The agency also has developed advice on rice consumption for pregnant women and the caregivers of infants. For this exercise we will examine some data concerning the relationship between inorganic arsenic in rice and the state in which the rice was grown. These data were collected and analyzed by the F.D.A. (published in September 2013). We must be careful about extrapolating patterns observed in these data beyond these samples since these data are not necessarily representative of all rice grown in the indicated states. Here is an extract from the F.D.A note concerning this "It is important to note that (1) this study was not designed to make inferences about arsenic levels between individual states or countries; and, (2) these samples are not necessarily representative of the entire state or country.

Explanation / Answer

From the histogram plot:

Concentration of inorganic arsenic ins erviving of rice is more in Texas than Lousiana

and its less in Arkansas and california.

There are outliers present which can be seen form histogram and boxplot.

mean> median for lousiana,california, arkansas

so distribution is positively skewed.

middle line is median in box plot

mean in box plot is indicated with circle.

mean>median in box plot.

There are outliers present which are small circles outside the whiskers.

Since median=Q1 for texas the distribution is symmetric.

From univariate procedure we get outliers

texas lousiana california Arkansas 3 2.9 1 1.4 3.1 3.1 1.2 1.5 3.2 3.2 1.5 1.6 3.5 3.4 1.5 1.7 3.6 3.5 1.8 1.9 7.7 6.2 7.5 7.8 8.9 6.2 8.4 8 9.3 6.9 8.7 8.1 9.8 7.2 9.1 8.2 11 11 11 8.8

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