A manned mission to Mars uses a heliocentric Hohmann transfer from low earth orb
ID: 3280261 • Letter: A
Question
Explanation / Answer
a)Eccentricity of the orbit?
ANSWER:The eccentricity of Earth's orbit is very small, so Earth's orbit is nearly circular. Earth's orbital eccentricity is less than 0.02. The orbit of Pluto is the most eccentric of any planet in our Solar System. Pluto's orbital eccentricity is almost 0.25. Many comets have extremely eccentric orbits. Halley's Comet, for instance, has an orbital eccentricity of almost 0.97!
b)What is Total energy per unit mass of transfer orbit?
ANSWER:In the gravitational two-body problem, the specific orbital energy (or vis-vivaenergy) of two orbiting bodies is the constant sum of their mutual potential energy( ) and their total kinetic energy ( ), divided by the reduced mass.
c)Minimum and maximum velocities of orbit and where they occures?
ANSWER:The minimum velocity is 7.8 km/s (28,080 km/h)
The maximum velocity is 29,800 m/s.
They are occures in Circular path outside the earth surfaces.
e)What is eccentricity of flyby passage?
ANSWER: The planet either captures the spacecraft or deflects it velocity vector, sending the spacecraft in a direction different than its original one. This event is known as a "flyby". Flybys occur during a hyperbolic passage of a planet by a spacecraft its called eccentricity of flyby passage.
f)How close the spacecraft will get to earths surface?
ANSWER:
The land at the equator is moving 1670 km per hour, and land halfway to the pole is only moving 1180 km per hour, so launching from the equator makes the spacecraft move almost 500 km/hour faster once it is launched and its get to earth suface.
g)The maximum speed (relative to earth) of the flyby and this occures?
ANSWER:The maximum speed relative to the launchpad at Cape Canaveral in Florida, USA was 58,536 km/ per hour that translates to 16.26 km per second, as certified by NASA. Launch date was 19 Jan 2006.
h)The change in speed relative to sun that the spacecraft obtains after the flyby.Identify and explain what could be the changed to achieve larger increase in the change of speed?
ANSWER:
This is because what you are looking at is the IAS indicator (Indicated Air Speed). This represents the amount of relative air which flows over and under the wings of the plane. This is what creates lift and enables the plane to fly. This is why this instrument is so important and belongs to the primary flight instruments.
This is not to be confused with GS (Ground Speed), which can be sensed by IRS (Intertial Reference System), or by the GPS. Ground Speed is not relevant to pilot an aircraft, but it's still useful for example to determine the ETA (Estimated Time of Arrival), and for fuel estimation during flight.
The IAS indicator indicates a lower speed because the more you climb, the less air there is.So even the air flows faster, the global pressure feeling is lower.
So, actually planes are not slower at higher altitudes. They are faster (at least most planes whose flight envelope force them to fly faster when they are higher, otherwise they would stall, because they would have to increase their Angle of Attack too much to counterbalance the lack of air flowing above and under the wings). But when they reach their target Mach speed, their speed will decrease slowly as the outside air temperature is decreasing until end of climb.
i)ANSWER:
The spacecraft will already have the 107,000 kilometers per hour (66,500 miles per hour) speed of Earth, whereas Mars moves at only 86,900 kilometers per hour (53,900 miles per hour). To allow for this, mission planners must launch thespacecraft when Mars is ahead of Earth in its orbit.
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