Provide full blown answers to the following questions: 1. (A) Explain clearly an

Question

Provide full blown answers to the following questions: 1. (A) Explain clearly and adequately the concept of comprehensive plan. (B) List and discuss in detail and analytically the eight (8) goals of a community comprehensive plan. 2. Examine and discuss in detail and analytically the two most important tools of land-use planning. 3. (A) How does the authority finance capital expenditures? (B) Clearly differentiate abetween various types of bonds used by a community to finance its capital projects. Discuss A & B analytically and in detail.

Explanation / Answer

ANS:

Comprehensive planning is a process that determines community goals and aspirations in terms of community development. The result is called a comprehensive plan, and both expresses and regulates public policies on transportation, utilities, land use, recreation, and housing. Comprehensive plans typically encompass large geographical areas, a broad range of topics, and cover a long-term time horizon.

Comprehensive Planning follows a planning process that consists of eight different steps. By following this process, planners would be able to determine a wide range of interconnecting issues that affect an urban area. Each step is seen as interdependent and many times planners will permutate all the steps accordingly to make sure that the fit is perfect

Following are the steps:

The planner must first address the issue they are investigating. Without any objective or a goal, it gets difficult to proceed to further steps, thus making it more cumbersome and tedious

Once issues have been identified by a community, goals can then be established. Goals are community visions. They establish priorities for communities and help community leaders make future decisions which will affect the city. Stating goals is not always an easy process and it requires the active participation of all people in the community.

Data is needed in the planning process to evaluate current city conditions as well as to predict future conditions. The most typical data collected for a comprehensive plan include data about the environment, traffic conditions, economic conditions, social conditions, public services and utilities, and land use conditions. Once this data is collected it is analysed and studied. Outcomes of the data collection process include population projections, economic condition forecasts, and future housing needs.

The plan is prepared using the information gathered during the data collection and goal setting stages. A typical comprehensive plan begins by giving a brief background of the current and future conditions found in the data collection step. Following the background information are the community goals and the plans that will be used to implement those goals into the community.

During this stage of the process different programs are thought of to implement the goals of the plan. These plans focus on issues such as cost and effectiveness.

Each alternative should be evaluated by community leaders to ensure the most efficient and cost-effective way to realize the community's goals. During this stage each alternative should be weighed given its potential positive and negative effects, impacts on the community, and impacts on the city government. One alternative should be chosen that best meets the needs and desires of the community and community leaders for meeting the community goals.

The community needs to adopt the plan as an official statement of policy for it to take effect. This is usually done by the City Council and through public hearings. Once the plan is accepted by city officials it is then a legal statement of community policy regarding future development.

Using the implementation plans defined in the earlier stages, the city will carry out the goals in the comprehensive plan. City planning staff monitor the outcomes of the plan and may propose future changes if the results are not desired.

A comprehensive plan is not a permanent document. It can be changed and rewritten over time.

2. Examine and discuss in detail and analytically the two most important tools of land-use planning?

ANS:

When it comes to land use planning, the two primary regulatory tools are zoning ordinances and subdivision and land development ordinances. While both address land use, they are not the same and are not "interchangeable". Zoning controls the location of land uses as well as density, while subdivision and land development primarily regulates lot layout as well as improvement design and completion. Relying on a subdivision and land development ordinance to control the location of a proposed land use is an improper use of this tool. If a municipality desires to regulate land use location as well as design, it should consider both ordinance types.

3. How Does the authority finance capital expenditures? Clearly differentiate between various types of bonds used by a community to finance its capital projects.

ANS:

Authorities finance their capital spending in several ways, including use of their own revenue funds, capital receipts, prudential borrowing, and grants and contributions from elsewhere. A breakdown of the main elements of local authority capital funding is given below:

· Capital grants are provided by the relevant government departments through separate funding streams. Most of these grants are unringfenced, giving authorities flexibility to choose how to spend this money provided it is used for capital purposes.

· Prudential borrowing is borrowing freely undertaken by the local authority within the affordability limits stated by their auditors, as specified in the Local Government Act 2003.

· Capital receipts from the sale of assets.

· Revenue resources can be used by local authorities to support capital spend. There is no restriction on revenue funds being used in this way, although accounting convention prevents capital resources being used to cover revenue spend.

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