Sy guy I had No idea what subject to put this 6) Find out about the oil spill by
ID: 3308765 • Letter: S
Question
Sy guy I had No idea what subject to put this
6) Find out about the oil spill by British Petroleum in 2010 – what were the aftershocks of the incident, and how was the resultant change damage contained?
Were these measures to contain the damage and restore the environment effectively? What other effects do you think were present but not well documented?
7) A neutron collides into a uranium-235 nucleus & split to one barium-139 nucleus and one Krypton-95 nucleus while emitting one additional neutron. In this fission reaction, a lot of energy is released. Calculate roughly what is the mass average daily electricity consumption of a HBD household in 2015.
Data:- Mass of uranium-235 nucleus =235.044 amu
Mass of barium-139 nucleus =138.909 amu
Mass of krypton-95 nucleus =94.940 amu
Mass of neutron =1.009 amu
Speed of light =3.00 x 108 m/s
1 atomic mass unit (amu) =1.66x 10-27 kg
1 kilowatt-hour(kWh) =3.60x 106 J
8) As we consider each renewable energy source, think about the relevant technologies involved in the harnessing and transmission of energy and the effects on society and the natural environment.Give 2 example and find relevant to support your answer.
9) Find out the efficiency of wind and water power compared to fossil fuels.Can you build a strong case for adopting these two renewable sources?
10) Find out the production capacity of the largest solar power plant available and the land area required, and the consumption of electricity for a developed country(eg. Singapore & The United State) for a year. What would the total area of all the solar panel be?
11) Why is a particulate matter pollution particularly high in developing countries? Consider the sociological factors that might aggravate such a situation.(You may also want to consider specific countries as cases)What is the reason for the correlation?
12) In the case of Singapore, How do the factors of food access, food use, and food stability determine its food security? Pls provident relevant to support your answer.
Explanation / Answer
The British Petroleum (BP) oil spill is an industrial disaster that began on 20 April 2010, in the Gulf of Mexico. It is considered the largest marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry and estimated to be 8% to 31% larger in volume than the previous largest, the Ixtoc I oil spill. The U.S. government estimated the total discharge at 4.9 million barrels.
Reason for the spill: Numerous investigations explored the causes of the explosion and record-setting spill. The U.S. government September 2011 report pointed to defective cement on the well, faulting mostly BP, but also rig operator Transocean and contractor Halliburton for a series of cost-cutting decisions and an inadequate safety system. They also said that the spill resulted from "systemic" root causes and "absent significant reform in both industry practices and government policies, might well recur".
Aftershocks & measure to contain the damage: Massive response ensued to protect beaches, wetlands and estuaries from the spreading oil utilizing skimmer ships, floating booms, controlled burns and 1.84 million US gallons (7,000 m3) of oil dispersant. An oil dispersant is a mixture of emulsifiers and solvents that helps break oil into small droplets following an oil spill. Due to the months-long spill, along with adverse effects from the response and cleanup activities, extensive damage to marine and wildlife habitats and fishing and tourism industries was reported. In Louisiana, 4,900,000 pounds (2,200 t) of oily material was removed from the beaches in 2013, over double the amount collected in 2012. Oil cleanup crews worked four days a week on 55 miles (89 km) of Louisiana shoreline throughout 2013. Oil continued to be found as far from the Macondo site as the waters off the Florida Panhandle and Tampa Bay, where scientists said the oil and dispersant mixture is embedded in the sand. On 15 April 2014, BP claimed that cleanup along the coast was substantially complete, but the United States Coast Guard responded by stating that a lot of work remained.
Fishes: In April 2013, it was reported that dolphins and other marine life continued to die in record numbers with infant dolphins dying at six times the normal rate. One study released in 2014 reported that tuna and amberjack that were exposed to oil from the spill developed deformities of the heart and other organs that would be expected to be fatal or at least life-shortening and another study found that cardiotoxicity might have been widespread in animal life exposed to the spill.
Birds were particularly vulnerable to the oil’s effects, and many perished—from ingesting oil as they tried to clean themselves or because the substance interfered with their ability to regulate their body temperatures. The brown pelican, recently delisted as an endangered species, was among the species most affected. A 2014 study projected that perhaps 12 percent of the brown pelicans and more than 30 percent of the laughing gulls in the area hit by the spill had been wiped out. According to another 2014 study, up to 800,000 birds were thought to have died. Even individuals not directly contaminated by oil were affected. A 2012 study determined that white pelicans that had migrated from the gulf to Minnesota to breed were producing eggs that contained discernible amounts of compounds that were traceable to the BP spill. Eggs containing traces of contaminants were found in Iowa and Illinois as well.
The endangered Kemp’s ridley sea turtle was likely severely affected, as its preferred foraging territory was within the area damaged by the spill. It was estimated that up to 65,000 imperiled turtles had died during 2010 alone, mostly as a result of oil contamination. It was also estimated that some 300,000 turtles, some of which were originally from breeding populations in other parts of the world, were in the region of the spill when it occurred, leading scientists to point out the global impacts of the disaster.
The petroleum that had leaked from the well before it was sealed formed a slick extending over thousands of square miles of the Gulf of Mexico. To clean oil from the open water, 1.8 million gallons of dispersants—substances that emulsified the oil, thus allowing for easier metabolism by bacteria—were pumped directly into the leak and applied aerially to the slick. Booms to corral portions of the slick were deployed, and the contained oil was then siphoned off or burned. As oil began to contaminate Louisiana beaches in May, it was manually removed; more difficult to clean were the state’s marshes and estuaries, where the topographywas knit together by delicate plant life. By June, oil and tar balls had made landfall on the beaches of Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. In all, an estimated 1,100 miles (1,770 km) of shoreline were polluted.
Although the no. of marine life deaths has been reported and certain health issues as well, but many other diseases must have gone unreported and numbers of smaller species might have gone unchecked. Other undocumented effects might include effects on the livelihoods of people indirectly dependent on fishing, tourism, etc.
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