You first job out of college is to work as a Health Economist. This is a fancy w
ID: 3326404 • Letter: Y
Question
You first job out of college is to work as a Health Economist. This is a fancy way of saying you help pharmaceutical companies understand how beneficial their new drugs are and how much they cost. Many of the folks on your team are industrial engineers, some are statisticians, some are pharmacists, etc. Merck, a big pharmaceutical company, just had a new drug - Davzandoylonide - come out of clinical trials, and they're looking to analyze the cost and benefits. Your project team won a big contract to help them figure this out. Davzandoylonide is used to treat a very rare form of fingernail cancer. A patient who has this cancer may have Stage 1; Stage 2; or Stage 3 cancer From the clinical trials, Merck estimates the following transition probabilities: Without treatment If a patient has Stage 1 cancer, the probability that they have Stage 2 cancer next week is 0.1, and the probability they have Stage 3 cancer next week is 0.005. If a patient has Stage 2 cancer, the probability they have Stage 1 cancer next week is 0.05, and the probability they have Stage 3 cancer next week is 0.1. If a patient has Stage 3 cancer, the probability they improve to Stage 2 cancer next week is 0.02. The probability they stay in Stage 3 cancer is 0.98. With treatment: If a patient has Stage 1 cancer, the probability that they still have Stage 1 cancer next week is 0.9, and the probability they have Stage 3 cancer next week is 0.01. If a patient has Stage 2 cancer, the probability they have Stage 1 cancer next week is 0.6, and the probability they have Stage 3 cancer is 0.05. If a patient has Stage 3 cancer, the probability they have Stage 2 cancer next is 0.1. The probability they stay in Stage 3 cancer is 0.90 We will analyze this by developing a Markov chain model (a) What are the states and transitions? (b) Draw 2 state transition diagrams - 1 without treatment, and 1 with treatment. Label transitions with the appropriate probabilities. (c) Report the 2 transition probability matrices -1 without treatment, and 1 with treatment.Explanation / Answer
1.1 INTRODUCTION.
Nowadays, mobile phones are used everywhere and every time in our daily life ranging from communication, entertainment to health. Today we know very well that the use and demand of mobile application development are increasing and it makes inspiration to create user friendly and effective variety of application. There are various innovative programs designed that allow people to get information fast and effectively. Application users can get varied types of information via alert systems for example sports news ,breaking news and even about weather .Android is open source platform and provides all information and services to all without any license fees.it has the capacity of getting compatible with most handheld electronic devices such as smart phones and tablets.
1.2 BACKGROUND OF STUDY.
Any living being can be a patient which may include human beings, animals and pets. The patient under human being category may include businessman, social workers, politicians, teachers and students. These people may be busy in their daily routine life schedule. If they are suffering from any kind of disease/illness then it is their duty to take proper medicines in proper quantity at proper time. If the patient is at home then the family members may remember and reminds patient to take the medicines. But it is not possible for the family members to give reminder by calling them when the patient is out of home. For this purpose there should be some facility for the patients which will remind them about their medicine taking time.
Currently there are a large number of smart phone users in the world. The bulky number of variety of applications available in the mobile phone made life luxurious. Mobile phone companies are providing such wonderful applications for their users. Out of those applications, reminder facility in the mobile phone is the most commonly used application which is used for preventing to remember each and every small thing.
Most outpatient medication errors were made when patients bought prescribed medicines from drug stores and use them at home without guidance. Common causes of these errors include: irregular medicine in-takes due to the patients busy schedule, complicated in-take schedules due to the large number of medicines to be taken by patients, adverse drug reactions caused by un-reconciled prescriptions obtained from different sources, and lack of knowledge about proper use of medicines.
In this project proposal I am introducing an Android application for the patients which will remind them to take proper medicines at proper time by automatically setting the reminders in the smart phone. These reminders will be automatically set as per the prescription.
1.3 OBJECTIVES
1.3.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE.
To automate a system that enables out-patients to schedules their time for taking prescribed medicines and time for their appointments with their respective doctors.
1.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT.
The manual way used by out-patients to schedule time for taking medicines, remembering when next to visit their respective doctors and pay for the healthcare services is cumbersome. This method is time consuming and is subject to irreversible errors. Most out-patients are always busy with daily chores hence need for automatic reminders for taking medicines in an event that they fall sick and are served with prescribed medicines. The patients also may forget their appointments with the doctors due to their busy schedules.
1.5 JUSTIFICATION
The proposed system for outpatients will enable the patients to store details of their medication in an event when such need is deemed relevant .the system supports automated date and time entry hence minimizes chances that patients will enter a wrong date or time or both. The system will also enable the patients to set an alert alarm that will be a reminder of an event to be done in this case the type of medicine to take. The proposed also provides a module that will enable the patients to store all data regarding future appointments with their individual doctors. This specific platform gives an opportunity to patients to enter details such as their location, time to visit the doctor and details of their doctor such as name, location and availability status. It is therefore a system that will cut off chances of outpatients taking wrong medications and thus reducing loss of lives due to such irregularities.
1.6 SCOPE.
There is an alarming rate of medicine taking irregularities across patients of various ailments this has resulted to dangers that accompany such irregularities such as loss of life. There is a significant number of patients who have failed to honor their appointments dates with the doctors due to poor memory ability capability to less common tasks by the human brain. The proposed system will be developed to counter these misfortunes. The system will enable the out-patient take specify the medicines to take at a specific time and the then set an alarm. The system will also enable the out-patient to enter into the mobile application the dates for meeting with the doctor, when that date reaches the system will notify the user with a vibration tone and give a notification message.
1.7 PROBLEMS WITH EXISTING SYSTEM.
Most existing systems are manual and paper based is faced with following challenges:
1.8 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY.
The main purpose of developing out-patient care mobile application is:
The study is aimed at eliminating the manual way of recalling dates for appointments. It will therefore of great use for those patients who are ever busy while under medication like teachers, students and even doctors themselves.
1.9 REQUIREMENTS.
1.9.1 Functional requirements.
The application will be anticipated to accomplishment the following requirements
1.9.1 Non-functional requirements.
For this proposed mobile application to be useful the following nonfunctional requirements are paramount:
2.0 CHAPTER TWO.
2.1 Literature review.
The increase in the mobile devices usage in particular mobile phones has been in a constant and consistent rise. Over the last decade, mobile phones have made a recent and rapid entrance into many parts of the low and middle-income world, with the global mobile phone penetration rate drastically increasing. Mobile phones are spreading because the cost of mobile technology deployment is dropping and people are, on average getting wealthier in low and middle income nations. The use of smart phones too has increased with countries like Kenya having an estimate of about 4.7 million smart phones by the end of 2015.
Before considering technology advancement for healthcare industry, we must understand what healthcare Standard Operation Procedure (SOP).it is a written set of instructions that healthcare staff should follow to complete a job safely, with no adverse effect on personal health or the environment, and in a way that maximizes operations and production efficiency. SOP in outpatient clinic includes registration procedure and appointment scheduling process, which is currently paper based. Files and patients health records are stored in physical storage and will be transferred by nurses or administrators to the doctor’s office for consultation. This system is obviously inefficient and time consuming and the risk of misplacing records is transparent.
One of the application being introduced is online scheduling and registration system(RegistrationPatient.com).this is a 24 hours and 7 days per week system whereby healthcare administrator is notified automatically on upcoming appointments and registered patients via online system. it allows patient to complete registration forms at their own convenience without having to queue . Once it has been completed the patient will be notified with a map to the nearest healthcare facility. However there are some consensuses towards this system. First registration requires patients to fill in important data such as credit card number and identification card number. Since the system is web based, these numbers can be hacked by malicious intruders .secondly most of the online registration and scheduling appointment system requires payment to the provider per month. Third online scheduling system is limited to less diagnosed symptoms.
Near field communication (NFC) based mobile patient appointment system .a well-designed appointment and walk –in patient system intents to achieve small direct waiting time for unscheduled cases. After thorough research from previous work in enhancing healthcare standard of operation either using traditional paper based of operation or advanced paperless technologies, healthcare still face problems. There are still issues for walk-in patient whereby they have to wait for a very long period of time for their turn to come up. Patient may schedule the appointment; however they still have to wait for their appointments to be confirmed from healthcare administrator which may take weeks or even months for any available slots.
Zao J.K, Mei-Ying Wang and Liu J.W.S chines mobile applications developers. They came up with Wedjat –smart phone application which is based on to help patient to avoid medicine administration errors such as those I mentioned in the background study. Wedjat can perform three primary functions:
Prasad B discusses the approach of medicine reminder Pro which is based on reminding medicine schedules. This applications supports up to fifteen reminders .user can select them in either repeating alarm patterns. Any hourly time interval between alarms can be selected starting from the minimum of one hour .At the scheduled time application will produce a notification with an alarm, vibration or LED indication. However this system is not automated and has complicated user interface design.
Med Minder approach by David Garland of Garland systems, which as per their saying, free, full featured pill and medicine scheduler and medicine reminder application. Provides a system for the outpatients to schedule time for taking their medicines. The system a platform for the user to send health status to the relevant doctor.
Cute Reminder software supports schedule, recurrent reminders, individually colorable skins ,audio files in various formats ,quick search and easy arrangement of sticky notes on your desktop, linking files and web pages to reminders ,archiving of notes and reminders into history ,printing and more.it automatically tracks the related events within the archive ,so you can see an individual history of any specific or any specific issue. The user friendly interface of Cute Reminder provides comfort at your workplace whether in the office or at home. This reminder software is very powerful and you will be supported how easy it is to use. Though this application is robust but it lacks a module to schedule the patient’s appointment events with the doctor.
Secure Reminder –desktop reminder and scheduling program for windows. Secure Reminder is advanced reminder program that helps you organize your life .Secure Reminder reminds about daily tasks or special dates and events such as birthdays, anniversaries and business meetings before they occur. Secure Reminder can serve as desktop reminder software, task and event scheduler, personal information organizer and password generator .main features of these reminders are Quicker, Store and manage information in a safe manner, search feature.
The most widely used is the MedAfrica(IHUB research ,2013).it is platform that provides a suite of health services such as symptom checkers ,first aid information ,doctor and hospital directories as well as relevant alert services. The application, available for smart phones and less powerful feature phones, is the product of Shimba technologies, a Nairobi based company. Users can add or remove the health services they choose. The platform is constantly being populated with services from the health ecosystem it seeks to improve the health of communities and regions in which it operates in by increasing access to health care related information and content to the masses in Africa. MedAfrica is however still a small effort and it faces competition from the country’s dominant telecom-safaricom.
Vinade Reminder. Remind yourself of bills, meetings, medications, appointment, birthdays and tips. With this easy to use reminder tool you can send your reminder to your screen ,cell phone ,pager, or email.it has a very user friendly interface with an easy to use wizard for creating your reminders import/export your reminders to friends or colleagues with just a few clicks.it enables one create time and date ,weekly, monthly or yearly reminders. This system has few limitation because it doesn’t provide a user with module to define the time frame for appointments with the doctor.
3.0 CHAPTER THREE
3.1 METHOLOGY
3.1.1 Introduction.
The project will be implemented using android programming language .android programming language is flexible language with complex syntax yet with many and useful application programming interfaces(APIs) and libraries.
3.1.2 TOOLS
3.1.2.1 User interface design tools (XML).
XML used in creating views or user interface elements like buttons, listviews, datagrids, and textfields. These are part of the graphical user interface. They help to create a user friendly interface that is both easy to use and easy to learn.
3.1.2.2 Backed tools.
The projects backend storage database will be implemented using SQLite database, which is light weight and portable in all android enable devices. The creation of the database will be through coding and its access is through an adapter class.
3.1.2.3 Middle- Java.
Java is used to execute operations or events according to the triggers from views. It is used to develop android activities that respond to users’ activities or input. It is also used to create the link between the user interface and the backend modules.
3.1.2.4 Android studio 5.1.1.
Android studio provides tools to develop debug and test android applications as well as deploying and signing digital certificates.
3.1.2.5 SDK- Android SDK.
Android tool kit contains emulators and components to develop apps that run on android platform regardless of the device’s architecture. However this application can also be tested in any device running android operating system, which is quick compared to emulator.
3.1.3 Input-output designs.
Input design
First screen design
3.1.4OUTPUT OF CLICKING ON SCHEDULE MEDICATION.
Toast Message
-
3.1.5 Table design fields and constrains.
Field type
Constrain
Id field
Integer,autoincrement,primary key
Medicine name
Varchar ,size 50 characters,
Date
Date
Time
Time
3.1.6 Sample table design.
Id
Medicine Name
Date
Time
1
Panadol extra
12/5/2017
11:15 pm
2
Piriton
12/6/205
7:30 am
3.1.7 SCHEDULE: Gant chart.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
PROJECT PROPOSAL
NOV
11 to 25
FEASIBILTY STUDY
NOV
26 to 30
REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS
DEC
1 to
12
SYSTEM DESIGN
DEC
13 to 23
USER INTERFACE DESIGN
JAN
6 to
15
CODING
JAN
16 to
FEB 28
IMPLEMENTATION
MARCH
1 to 27
DOCUMENTATION
APRIL
1 AND ABOVE
3.1.8 PROJECT BUDGET.
COST ESTIMATE (KSH)
Laptop(intel duo core ,4gb ram ,500gb hdd,)
Project proposal and project paper preparation.
Stationary
Computer storage devices
Research costs
Inkjet printer
Cartridge printer
Total budget estimate
3.1.9 Appendix.
3.1.9.1 Reference:
[Blakstad 2008] Eirik Blakstad; Creating a Mobile City Guide, Project Report, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2008
[Hansen 2007] T. S. Hansen; A cultural guide for mobile devices, Project Report, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2007
[Read 2003] Kris Read and Frank Maurer; Developing Mobile Wireless Applications, IEEE Internet Computing, January/February 2003
Related Questions
drjack9650@gmail.com
Navigate
Integrity-first tutoring: explanations and feedback only — we do not complete graded work. Learn more.