Based on the abstract, which of the following t-tests did the authors use and wh

Question

Based on the abstract, which of the following t-tests did the authors use and why? Independent sample test One sample test Changes in Psychological Time Perspective During Residential Addict Changes in Psychological Time Perspective During Residential Addiction Treatment: A Mixed-Methods Study SARAH DAVIES Fior Recovery, Dublin, Ireland PAVLOS FILIPPOPOULOS Psycbology, City University, London, United Kingdom Time perspective (TP) refers to an individual's subjective relation- sbip to the past, present, and future. Zimbardo's Time Perspective Inventory CZTPD is a scale designed to capture 5 distinct constructs of subjective temporality (Zimbardo& Boyd, 1999). It is regarded as a valid predictor of bealth-related choices and mental bealth. Tbis mixed methodological study investigates psychological perspectives of time in a group of 63 individuals seeking help for alcohoVdrug dependence issues uo tben successfully completed a group resi- dential addiction treatment intervention. Measures of TP using a sbort-form ZIPI and a qualitative component were taken at prein- tervention and postintevention along with scores of depression and anxiety. Findings demonstrated that past-negative, present- fatalism, and present-hedonistic TPs were significantly positively associated with depression and anxiety. Significant negative rela tionships were found betueen mental bealth concerns and botb past-positize and fiuture TPs. Distinct changes were revealed in temporality betueen premeasures and postmeasures of the addic- tion treatment interrention from both quantitative and qualitatire perspectites bigblighting signíficant adaptations in relationsbips to timie. The potential use and implications of these findings for under- stamding addiction and considering psychotherapeutic treatment

Explanation / Answer

A paired t-test is used to compare two population means where you have two samples in which observations in one sample can be paired with observations in the other sample. The paired sample t-test, sometimes called the dependent sample t-test, is a statistical procedure used to determine whether the mean difference between two sets of observations is zero. In a paired sample t-test, each subject or entity is measured twice, resulting in pairs of observations. Common applications of the paired sample t-test include case-control studies or repeated-measures designs. Suppose you are interested in evaluating the effectiveness of a company training program. One approach you might consider would be to measure the performance of a sample of employees before and after completing the program, and analyze the differences using a paired sample t-test. So, here Paired t test is used.

A Paired Design Reduces Experimental Error

By accounting for the variability caused by different items, subjects, or conditions, and thereby reducing experimental error, the paired design tends to increase the signal-to-noise ratio that determines statistical significance. This can result in a more efficient design that requires less resources to detect a significant difference, if one exists.

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