Which of followings regarding confounding are true? 1) It occurs when the direct

Question

Which of followings regarding confounding are true? 1) It occurs when the direction or magnitude of an association between an exposure and an outcome differs due to the effect of a third variable. (2) It needs to be determined by statistical test. 3) It doesn't need be determined by statistical test 4) It exists if meaningfully different interpretations of the relationship of interest result when an extraneous variable is ignored or included in the data analysis. (1) and (2) (2) and (4) (3) and (4) (1) and (3)

Explanation / Answer

Ans is 2 and 4

It needs to be determined by statistical test

It exists if magnitudly different interpretation of relationship of interested results when an extranious variable is ignored or included in data analysis

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