For questions 1-3 state whether the variable in question is a confounder of the

Question

For questions 1-3 state whether the variable in question is a confounder of the exposure-disease relationship. If it is, explain why. If it is not, explain why not. (3 points each, 9 total) 1. A study of the relationship between exercise and heart attacks that is conducted among men who do not smoke. Is gender a confounder in this study? A case-control study of the relationship between cigarette smoking and esophageal cancer. In this study, excessive singing is associated with cigarette smoking and is a risk factor for esophageal cancer in both smokers and non-smokers. Is excessive singing a confounder in this study? 3. A cohort study looking at the association between body mass index (BMI) and stroke. In this study the authors looked at a third variable-blood pressure (BP). They determined that there was a statistical association between BP and BMI (those who were heavier tended to have higher BP) and also an association between BP and the outcome of stroke (higher BP led to higher stroke mortality) Is BP a confounder in this study? e to search F6 F5 F4 F3 F2 8 8 5 6 4

Explanation / Answer

dear student please post the question one at a time

1) No, gender cannot act as a confounder because gender is constant in the study.  Through restriction, gender was limited to men only and therefore, gender is not associated with the exposure, exercise, or the outcome, heart attacks, and cannot act as a confounder.

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