Normal 1. Seurvy was a problem for sailors since ancient times and it became mor

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Normal 1. Seurvy was a problem for sailors since ancient times and it became more serious by the eighteenth century when long voyages of discovery were happening. It was not unusual for 60% ofthe sailors to die from scurvy on long voyages. James Lind is credited with one of the first controlled experiments in his attempt to find a cure and preventative. Lind thought that scurvy was due to putrefaction of the body which could be pievented by acids; that is why he chose to experiment with dietary supplements of acidie quality. In his experiment he divided twelve scorbutie sailors into six They all received the same diet, and in addition group one was given a quart of cider daily, group two twenty-five drops of elixir of vitriol (sulfurie acid), group three six spoonfuls of vinegar, group four half a pint of seawater, group five received two oranges and one lemon and the last group a spicy paste plus a drink of barley water. The treatment of group five stopped after six days when they ran out of fruit, but by that time one sailor was fit for duty and the other had almost recovered. Apart from that, only group one alse showed some effect of its treatment. Note, through trial and error methods over fifty years or so, it was finally concluded that lemon and other citrus juices in the diet could prevent scurvy. Knowledge of vitamins, like vitamin C, was unknown at this time. Comment on good and bad features of Lind's experiment. Western University offers a 1 credit course for freshmen, UNIV 1010, which teaches about university resources and study habits for success in college. It is an elective course and about half of the freshmen take it. WMU has studied the results by comparing the retention and GPAs of students who took this class against those who did not take this class. It was found that retention and GPAs were generally higher for those who took UNIV 1010. This evidence was put forth as proof that the course was successful and that it should be continued. What do you think of the conclusion based on such data? 2. Studies have shown that older people who daily work crossword puzzles retain better mental abilities as their age compared to those who do not. They are less likely to develop dementia or Alzheimer's disease. Other mental activities such as Sudoku or games seem to have the same effects. As a result of such data, older people are encouraged to do these activities daily to avoid mental decline. It's the "use it or lose it" message. Is this a strong conclusion to make from such data or could there be other forces affecting the data? 3.

Explanation / Answer

1> The good thing

I> Tried out different medicines as cure

II> The experiment was conducted over a period of long time so the results can be assumed to be statistically significant

The Bad thing

I> Number or respodents in each treatment methodology was small only 2

II> The control group of sailors were not the same hence there might be other factors which could also have bearing.

2> The above mentioned conclusion can also be statitically proved and hence valid.

3> The above conclusion or hypothesis is not proved with a statistical basis, hence there is a possibil;ity that there might be other factors that can be affecting as well.

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