In what ways do advertisers in magazines use sexual imagery to appeal to youth?

Question

In what ways do advertisers in magazines use sexual imagery to appeal to youth? One study classified each of 1509 full-page or larger ads as "not sexual" or "sexual," according to the amount and style of the dress of the male or female model in the ad. The ads were also classified according to the target readership of the magazine. Here is the two-way table of counts.

(a) Summarize the data numerically and graphically. (Compute the conditional distribution of model dress for each audience. Round your answers to three decimal places.)

(b) Perform the significance test that compares the model dress for the three categories of magazine readership. . (Use = 0.01. Round your value for 2 to two decimal places, and round your P-value to four decimal places.)

Conclusion

Fail to reject the null hypothesis. There is significant evidence of an association between target audience and model dress

.Reject the null hypothesis. There is not significant evidence of an association between target audience and model dress.    

Fail to reject the null hypothesis. There is not significant evidence of an association between target audience and model dress.

Reject the null hypothesis. There is significant evidence of an association between target audience and model dress.

(c) All of the ads were taken from the March, July, and November issues of six magazines in one year. Give the viewpoint of the validity of the significance test and the interpretation of the results.

This is not an SRS. This gives us no reason to believe our conclusions are suspect.

This is an SRS. This gives us no reason to believe our conclusions are suspect.   

This is not an SRS. This gives us reason to believe our conclusions might be suspect.

This is an SRS. This gives us reason to believe our conclusions might be suspect.

Magazine readership Model dress Women Men General interest Total Not sexual 346 518 252 1116 Sexual 220 82 91 393 Total 566 600 343 1509

Explanation / Answer

a)

Calculate the expected value from the table using the formula

Er,c = (nr * nc) / n

b)

DF = (r - 1) * (c - 1) = (2 - 1) * (3 - 1) = 2

2 = [ (Oi - Ei)2 / Ei ]

X2 = 97.150

P-value = 0.000

Reject the null hypothesis. There is significant evidence of an association between target audience and model dress.

(nr * nc) / n Value E1,1 =(556*1116)/1509 411.196 E1,2 =600*1116/1509 443.737 E1,3 =343*1116/1509 253.669 E2,1 =556*393/1509 144.803 E2,2 =600*393/1509 156.262 E2,3 =343*393/1509 89.330

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