Researchers wanted to determine if there was an association between daily apple
ID: 3365349 • Letter: R
Question
Researchers wanted to determine if there was an association between daily apple consumption and the occurrence of breast cancerbreast cancer.The researchers looked at 94,559 women and asked them to report their appleapple-eatingeating habits. The researchers also determined which of the women had IDC breast cancerIDC breast cancer. After their analysis, the researchers concluded that consumption of two or more servings two or more servingsof Granny Smith applesGranny Smith apples per day was associated with a reduction in IDC breast cancerIDC breast cancer.
Complete parts (a) through (c) below.
(a) What type of observational study was this? Explain.
A.This was a cohort study because it identified a group of individuals to participate in the study and observed the group over a long period of time.
B.This was a cross-sectional study because all information about the individuals was collected at a specific point in time.
C.This was a case-control study because individuals that had a certain characteristic were matched with those that did not.
(b) What is the response variable in the study? Is the response variable qualitative or quantitative? What is the explanatory variable?
What is the response variable in the study? Is the response variable qualitative or quantitative?
A.The response variable is the number of individuals who participate in the study who eat two or more servingstwo or more servings
ofGranny Smith apples per day. The response variable is quantitative.
B. The response variable is consumption of Granny Smith apples The response variable is quantitative.
C.The response variable is whether the woman has IDC breast cancerIDC breast cancer or not. The response variable is qualitative.
D. The response variable is the number of individuals who participate in the study. The response variable is quantitative.
What is the explanatory variable?
A.The explanatory variable is the number of individuals who participate in the study.
B.The explanatory variable is the number of individuals who participate in the study who eat two or more servings of Granny Smith apples per day.
C.The explanatory variable is consumption of Granny Smith apples.
D.The explanatory variable is whether the woman has DC breast cancerIDC breast cancer
or not.(c) In their report, the researchers stated that "After adjusting for various demographic and lifestyle variables, daily consumption of
two or more servingstwo or more servings
was associated with a 30% reduced prevalence of DC breast cancerI."
Why was it important to adjust for these variables?
A.The researchers may be concerned with confounding that occurs when the effects of two or more explanatory variables are not separated or when there are some explanatory variables that were not considered in a study, but that affect the value of the response variable.
B.The researchers wanted to ensure that the sample was large enough in order to perform inference.
C.The researchers wanted to ensure that the study was representative of the entire population, so they were likely to adjust the responses to match actual data collected for the entire population.
D.The researchers were sure that various demographic and lifestyle variables had greater influence than daily consumption of
two or more servings.
Explanation / Answer
a) B.This was a cross-sectional study because all information about the individuals was collected at a specific point in time.
b) C.The response variable is whether the woman has IDC breast cancerIDC breast cancer or not. The response variable is qualitative.
C.The explanatory variable is consumption of Granny Smith apples.
c) A.The researchers may be concerned with confounding that occurs when the effects of two or more explanatory variables are not separated or when there are some explanatory variables that were not considered in a study, but that affect the value of the response variable.
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