What statistical tests were performed? o What were the outcomes of these tests?

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What statistical tests were performed? o What were the outcomes of these tests? Research Article First Impressions Making Up Your Mind After a 100-Ms Exposure to a Face Janine Willis and Alexander Todorov Princeton Universi ABSTRACT People often drae trait inferences from the are as pervasive as are the effects ofattractiveness (Montepare & facial appearance of other people. We investigated the Zebrowitz, 1998: Zebrowitz, 1999). For example, baby-faced minimal conditions under swhich people make such infer individuals are less likely to receive severe judicial outcomes ences. In five experiments, each focusing on a specific trait than mature-faced individuals (Zebeowitz&McDonald;, 1991) judgment, we manipulated the exposure time of unfamiliarFrom the structure of the face, people form not only global faces. Judgments made after a 100-ms exposure correlated impressions, but also speeifie trait impressions (Hassin& Trope, highly with judlgments made in the absence of time con2000) For example, we showed that inferences of competence, straints,suggesting that this exposure time was sufficient based solely on facial appearance, predicted the outcomes for participants to form an impression. In fact for al U.S. congressional elections in 2000, 2002, and 2004 (Tod udgments-attractiveness, likeability, trustworthiness, Mandisodza, Goren, & Hall, 2005). Although we meas competence, and aggressiveness- increased exposure time impreso ns on a variety of traits, including attractiveness did not significantly increase the correlations, When ex trustworthiness, and likeability, the trait inference that pre- posure time increased from 100 to 500 ms, participants dieted the election outcomes was competence. Competenee was judgments became more negative, response times for also rated as the most important attribute for a person running judgments decreased, and confidence in judgments in- for a pablie office. This finding suggests that person attributes reased. When exposure time increased from 500 to 1,000 that are important for specifie decisions are inferred from facial trait judgments and response times did not change appearance and influence these decisions ms, significantly (with one exception), but confidence inromboth the standard-intuition and the rational-actor points reased for some of the judgments; this result suggests that of view, trait inferences from facial appearance should noti additional time may simply boost confidence in judgments. fluence important deliberate decisions, However, to the extent However, increased exposure time led to more differenti ated person impressions that these inferences oecur rapidly and efHortlessly, their ell on decisions may be subtle and not subjectively recognized Using the terms of dual-process theories (Chaiken & Trope, 1999: Kahneman, 2003), we have argued that trait inferences from faces can be characterized as fast, intuitive, unreflectiv System 1 processes that contrast with slow, effortful, and de- (1772/1880) Essays on Physiognomy, whiekh wnitten in 1772 and reprinted in more than 150 editions by 1940, liberate System 2 processes (Todorov et al., 2005). We provided deep, and firm the character, p.59). Although winners and the runners-up for the Senate races ervasive. In almost manipul described in minute detail how to relate facial features to per- sonality traits (e.g. "the nearer the eyehrows are to the eyes, the preliminary evidence for this proposal by showing that infer- ences of competence based on I-s exposure to the faces of the these ideas strike most people today as ludicrous and bring to prediet the election outcomes mind phrenology, empirical evidence shows that the effects of facial appearance on social o very significant domain of life, outcomes than unattractive people (Hamermesh &Biddle;, 1994; Zebrowitz, 1999). The effects of baby-faced appearanee sufficed t In this artiele, we report a series of studies in which we sys- social cutcomes are pervasive. In alnget tematically manipulated the expmure time of faces to farther tematically manipulated the ex attractive people get better xplore the minimal conditions under which people make trait inferences from facial appearance. Research processing has shown that high-level objeet representations can be constructed very rapidly from visual scenes (Grill-Spector Address correspondeace to Alexander Todurov, Department of Poy. Kamwisher, 2005; Rousselet, Fabre-Thorpe, & Thorpe, 2002 chology, Green Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 Thorpe, Fize, &Marlo;, 1996). It is possible that inferences e-mail: atodorev@princeton.edu about socially significant attributes are also rapidly extracted 592

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The statistical tests that were performed in the study are:

The results of the tests are as follows:

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