give one example from your daily life and explain why your example fits the conc
ID: 3445140 • Letter: G
Question
give one example from your daily life and explain why your example fits the concept listed. Each concept should be a minimum of 50 words Example: Sensation – I like listening to my music before going to sleep, but if my parents hear my music after 10 pm, I get in trouble. If my music is below their absolute threshold, then I won’t get in trouble, because they won’t hear it. It is really hard to keep it below their absolute thresholds because it seems that even the faintest amount of sound coming from my room is detectable. In this example, the absolute threshold is the lowest amount of volume that they can detect up to 50% of the time (Grison, Heatherton, & Gazzaniga, 2017).
1. Absolute Threshold
2. Difference Threshold
3. Sensory Adaptation
4. Dark/Light Adaptation
5. The Gate-Control Theory of Pain
6. Perception
7. Choose One of These – Closure, Proximity, Similarity, or Simplicity
8. Top Down Processing or Bottom Up Processing
9. Depth Perception
10. Perceptual Constancy
Explanation / Answer
1)Sensory Thresholds: It can be bifurcated into the following:
Just Noticeable Difference/Difference Threshold:
Research on this kind of threshold was done by Ernst Webber. His studies as about determining
The smallest difference that could be detected by any senses (touch, feel, taste, hearing, smell).
This was called the Webber’s law of just noticeable difference/JND. Hence, a JND is the smallest
difference between two stimuli, that is detectable 50% of the time.
Example: Hearing: When you turn up the volume of the radio, from 14 to 15, we may or may not find a difference.
Hence, the smallest difference we can perceive.
Sight: When we replace a night lamp’s bulb, the new bulb may be dimmer than the previous one. This
Difference of light sensitivity we can feel can be called JND
Smell: We use perfumes and deodorants every day, the minimum difference of the quantity sprayed
Which we can smell, can be JND.
Taste: Smallest difference in quantity of sugar in coffee/tea.
Touch/Feel: Minimum difference we can perceive in massage settings on diver seat of a car, where the
Change may/may not be noticed when the massage setting is changed from medium to low, or low to
medium.
Absolute Threshold:
Gustav Fechner had his contributions made to the work of Webber. Fechner Worked on Absolute Threshold.
It is the small amount of energy needed for any person to consciously detect a stimulus 50% of the time its present.
To avoid confusion: JND is Detecting a difference between two stimuli, and Absolute threshold is the energy used
Consciously ignorer to detect a stimulus.
Example:
Hearing: Trying to find our phone in our room when it’s on vibrate/silent mode. We tend to add extra effort to hear our phone vibrate
Which might be under a pile of clothes, under/on the bed.
Sight: A police officer trying to read a license plate of a fast moving car.
Smell: Trying to check for a gas leak in the building, you use extra efforts to check if you can smell a gas leak. Another example: Police
Officers checking if you have been drinking and driving.
Taste: Trying to get a taste of salt in the soup.
Touch: It can be the lightest touch we can ever feel.
2) Sensory Adaptation:
It is a process where constant unchanging information is ignored by the sensory receptor cells of taste, touch, hear, feeling, etc.
it is a tendency where the receptors become less responsive to any unchanging stimulus.
Example:
Sensory adaption with respect to clothes often goes unnoticed. If skin would not adapt to the feel of cloth/fabric on an individual’s body,
It would drive that person crazy.
3) Dark & Light Adaptation:
There are two elements which are responsible to help the eye see different colours. Rods & Cones.
Rods:
About 150 million in each eye. Found all over the retina, except the centre.
Rods are sensitive to change in brightness but not wavelength.
Cones:
There are about 6 million cones in each eye.
Cones are found in the centre.
They adapt to increased level of light.
Dark adaptation:
Dark adaption occurs as the eye recovers its ability when going from a bright environment or surrounding to a dark environment.
Brighter the light where the person was exposed to, longer the time it takes for the rods to adapt to low levels of lights.
Example: A car’s headlight blinding a person while driving at night.
Light Adaption:
It is the recovery of the eye’s sensitivity to visual stimuli in light after exposure to darkness. The cones adapt to increased level of
Light well, faster than the rods. Cones are also sensitive to wavelength of light, and hence responsible for colour vision.
5) Gate Control Theory of Pain:
For example: In case someone has a fall and they get a bruise on their knee it obviously pains, as per this theory, the pain signal must pass
Through the gate which is located in the spinal cord. This gate can be closed by non-pain signals coming into the spinal cord from the body
And by signals coming from the brain. This gate is not a physical gate, but a theoretical explanation, of how relative balance in the neural
Activity of calls in the spinal cord receive information from the body and send it to the brain. So the bruises on the knee of the person pains, because the spinal cord has collected information from the knee, and relays it to the Brain.
Substance P is released into the spinal cord activities other neurones that sends their message through spinal gates, which are opened by this pain signal. From the spinal cord, the message goes to the brain, activating cells in thalamus, somatosensory signals about hearing to the brain.
Harder the fall or bigger the wound, louder these signals are going to be relayed.
6) Perception:
It is a process when the brain organises information which is received from different sensory organs. This information is interpreted and processed.
The brain processes this information be giving it a meaning by emotion, memory, etc. It is an important information which helps an individual to rationalise the environment or surrounding.
Example: Dogs maybe perceived as cute by some and a threat by some due to experience may create an impact here.
7) Law of Closure:
Gestalt psychologists believe that the human brain perceives the forms and figures in the complete sense or on face value despite the absence of
One or more of their parts. These parts can be hidden or totally absent.
Example: Wile people text each other on phone, usually, short forms are used to convey messages. e.g.: “wer r u?” (Where are you?) or words such as “hw r y dng”, etc. In the absence of the full spelling, our brain perceives these word as a whole.
8) Top Down Processing:
It is a process of pattern recognition by using contextual information. A pattern is developed by an individual at the time of processing information.
Example: If you were to read a paragraph, with a bad handwriting, it would have been relatively easier to understand the context, of it, compared to
Randomly reading out words out of the paragraph to understand it. Hence there has to be a pattern developed in order to understand contextual information.
Bottom Up Processing:
Gibson contributed to this theory, and says that there is enough information in the environment for our senses to perceive things at face value.
He says sensation is perception. What you see is what you get. There is no need for processing and interpreting, as the information our sense organs
Like eyes are getting detailed information about size of the object, its distance and shape etc. is sufficient.
9) Depth Perception:
It’s the ability to perceive the world in 3D. It helps us enable judgement for various factors such as dimensions, distance etc.
Depth perceptions arises from a variety of depth cues, which can me monocular and binocular
Monocular:
Binocular Cues:
Retinal Disparity: The depth of a scene can be perceived by using two images of the same scene at different angles, (the eyes)
Convergence: when the object is moving close to us, then the eyes have a simultaneous inward movement. When there is stretching of such eyes muscles, there is better depth perception.
10) Perception Constancy: Where individuals perceive and object as having constant shape, size, colour regardless of distance and lighting.
E.g.: My neighbour’s Doberman is going to be, a Doberman irrespective of the distance(close up, or far away). His colour perceived by me is still going to be black, irrespective of whether it’s dark at night, or sunny in the day.
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