Essay Questions (10 points each, total 20 points). Answer both questions as full

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Essay Questions (10 points each, total 20 points). Answer both questions as fully as possible. As specified for each question, you need only the Weeks 4 and 5 required reading chapters, articles, and videos for the answers-you are not required to use any additional information beyond the textbook. You are free to add other resources, as long as you cite and reference them in APA-style, but this is completely optional. 1. Why is REM sleep called "paradoxical sleep"? In your answer, describe 3 reasons why REM is "paradoxical. Then describe one theory as to the purpose of REM sleep. 2. Why does pair-bond behavior in prairie voles differ from that in montane or meadow voles? In your answer, describe how these two types of voles differ in their pair-bond behavior and describe the roles of oxytocin and vasopressin in these beliiviors. Multiple Choice Questions (2 points each, total 50 points). Choose the best answer for each question. 1) Which of the following is true of the sleep cycle during a night of sleep? A) Each sleep cycle lasts about 45 minutes. B) Subjects first enter REM sleep and then transition to non-REM sleep. C) As the night goes on, the relative length of REM sleep increases in each successive cycle. D) Stages 3 and 4 of slow-wave sleep mostly occur in the early morning hours. E) Sleep cycles are random across the night. is a sleep disorder in which breathing stops during sleep. 2) A) Night terrors B) Sleep apnea C) Insomnia D) Narcolepsy E) REM disorder 3) Sleep spindles A) are a result of increased melatonin. B) mark the onset of REM sleep. C) mark the onset of Stage 2 sleep. D) are relieved by melatonin treatment. E) occur more often in Stage 3 sleep.

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1. R.E.M. sleep is a stage of sleep which is also called paradoxical sleep. This is because: a) it has similarities to the waking states such as rapid, low -voltage desynchronised brain waves which indicates that the brain continues to process actively while sleeping. B) R.E.M. stage is characterised by increased motor movement of the ciliary muscles which causes rapid eye movements even when the body is at rest.c) dreams occur in this stage of sleep and yet the individual is quite alert during sleep at this stage and is likely to wake up instantly in the presence of a meaningful stimulus such as when someone calls out his/her name. This simultaneous existence of deep sleep and alertness is associated with the excitation of the neurotransmitter receptors Acetylcholine which are at work during wakefulnessa as well.

Among the different theories about R.E.M. sleep’s functions are those which support its involvement in the consolidation of new memories, and its role in stimulating the central nervous system. Prof. Kleitman has done pioneering work in the R.E.M. sleep and his theory of sleep has presented strong physiological links between R.E.M. and wakefulness. In addition, his theory presents a case often in immobility and atrial paralysis of the motor system during sleep. The theory also makes reference to age related changes in R.E.M. and shows experimental evidence for children spending more time in R.E.M. than old people during sleep and this is associated with the process of consolidation of new memories in the brains of young children.

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