. Explain Kant\'s practical imperative and its relevance to cthical issues in 2.
ID: 3453711 • Letter: #
Question
. Explain Kant's practical imperative and its relevance to cthical issues in 2. What is the Nuremberg Code? Why was it created? What are its implications for human participants in research? . Name four reasons to use animals in psychologicall research and then explain whether you believe these reasons (or others) provide sufficient jastification for animal reseasch. What is the cost benefit balance or atio that researchers must consider before conducting research? What is it relevant to ethical issues? Describe the purpose and function of Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) in ethical research 4. 5. 6. Why is the term "participants preferred over "subjects What does such language have to do with research ethics? Why are bamans referred to as "participants" while animals are labelled "subjects Explain the concept of informed consent, including its origins and how it is obtained in most psychology experiments What is a Human Subject Pool? Why is it helpful to researchers? What shoulda researcher do if no Human Subject Poel is available? 7. 8. 9. 10. Describe four ways experimentiers can humanely and ethically behave towards participants in their research projects 11. What is debriefing? Why is it so critical to ethical research? 12. Can debricfing serve an educational function? 13. What is deception? In your opinicn, is it ever ethically justified? If yes, under what conditions? If no, explain your reassoning. 14. Rescanch ethies within laboratory settings are relatively well-defined, but what happens in the field? What are a researcher's ethical obligations outside the lab? Use an example to illustrate your point of view 15. Why are psychologists obliged to tell the truth with their research? 16. Aside from satisfying ethical requirements, how can preparing an IRB form help a researcher?Explanation / Answer
Note: This response is in UK English, please paste the response to MS Word and you should be able to spot discrepancies easily. You may elaborate the answer based on personal views or your classwork if necessary.
(Answer) (1) Kant’s practical imperative – Kant suggested that an individual should treat oneself and all of humanity and the goal and not the means. In other words, one should not treat oneself and others like tools to achieve an outcome but rather as t he outcome that is aimed at.
(2) After numerous cases of unethical human experimentations around the time of the Second World War, the Nuremberg code was brought into effect in 1947 that set ethical standards for human trials. If and when there are ever any human experiments, it is to be with full consent, not coerced, provisional of benefits towards the participants, with proper scientific reasoning and conduct.
(3) (a) Homology – Animals are closely related to humans and might emulate the same psychological responses.
(b) Fewer ethical constraints as compared to using humans.
(c) Shorter lifespan leads to shorter study durations since life stages are quicker.
(d) Situational similarity – Considering that most animals are domesticated, it is likely that their behavioural constructs are similar. Commonly, the Norwegian rat is closest to humans in terms of behaviour.
(4) The cost/ benefit to consider when conducting research is that the cost of the scientific research should be less than what it would cost to not have the knowledge/ discovery of not doing the research. For instance, it is ok to spend money on cancer research as its value to humanity would be greater than the cost.
(5) The IRB or Institutional Review Board goes by many names. They are, IEC or the Independent Ethics Committee, ERB or the Ethical Review Board and the REB or the Research Board. The purpose of this committee is to review the research, the methodology, experimentation, permits, qualifications, purpose etc. and determine whether the research is ethical or not.
(6) When it comes to human subject research, the term “participants” is not found in the federal regulations. Therefore, to use the term “participants” would be unethical. A subject would mean a person, being or thing that is being researched. That is why the term “subject” is used and not “participant.”
(7) Humans are generally called “participants” because they willingly give consent to participate in a research whereas animals don’t. Hence animals are called “subjects.”
(8) Informed consent is when the researcher has to make sure that the individual is of a sound mind and is offering consent without being coaxed but rather by personal willingness. The term came up in 1957 and became popular in 1972. It is based on the implication of the Hippocratic Corpus that entails a patient should not be harmed in any way by their doctor.
(9) HSP or Human Subject Pool is a pool of lower graduate students who might participate in basic psychological research for college credit or reimbursements of sorts. It is helpful to researchers because they would not have to tediously find subjects for research and would have extensive data at hand to extrapolate the figures necessary for calibrating their studies. If one requires an HSB, one might put forth a petition to the IRB for approval to use an HSB.
(10) Experimenter must offer full disclosure.
Experimenter must conduct studied in a standardised manner and follow an approved script.
Experimenter must adhere to the balance between potential harm and potential gain and the subject must have the complete knowledge of what it entails.
Any updates must be approved by a review board and the subject.
(11) After the research has been conducted the experimenter and the subject will have a debriefing interview wherein the subject is told every detail that involves elements of the study.
(12) Debriefing can serve an educational function but also a scientific or rather a medical function. Any important details of the experiment would need to be recorded in the subject’s medical or psychological history if necessary for any future occurrences.
(13) Deception is clearly when the subject is not made aware of certain details of an experiment. A deception might only be justified if a review and ethics committee and the subject’s personal physician might approve of it. Perhaps in the situation of a harmless placebo, a deception might be ethical.
(14) Field research would require certain necessary levels of training in human subject responsibility, focus on the basic principles of community research, appropriate training materials, an approval from the concerning review board and other such formalities.
(15) If a psychologist does not tell the whole truth about the research to the review board and the subject, it would negate the guidelines of the disclosure agreements and ethical standards and guidelines.
(16) The purpose of the IRB is not only to maintain ethical standards but also to review the risks to the subjects and the experimenters who are involved in the study. This helps review the safety standards for everyone involved in the research and that is why it is helpful.
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