Using Erikson’s framework, go through each of the 8 psychosocial crises from the

ID: 3454319 • Letter: U

Question

Using Erikson’s framework, go through each of the 8 psychosocial crises from the perspective of a disabled child and his or her parents. This assignment is easier if you choose one disability and carry it through each stage. Remember to include how the child might achieve a positive outcome. Also remember that Erikson believed that each stage had to be successfully completed in order to tackle the next.

Example:Autism

Trust vs, Mistrust:

Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt:

Initiative vs. guilt:

Industry vs. Inferiority:

Identity vs. Role confusion:

Intimacy vs. Isolation:

Generativity vs. Self Absorption:

Integrity vs. Despair:

Explanation / Answer

The Psychosocial Stages of Development were put forward by Erik Erikson under the psychoanalytic theories. It includes eight stages of development running from infancy to adulthood.

According to Erikson, during each phase of development, there is a milestone to be reached and a crisis that comes with it. Children face the crisis with either a positive or a negative outcome. Erikson, in his stages places emphasis on the culture and society and how children cope with those expectations and grow.

Failure to successfully complete a stage leads to fixation and results in unhealthy personality and a sense of self.

A disability that would be taken as an example to elaborate the eight stages of development is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. The stages are:

1. Trust v/s Mistrust: Children with ADHD often display behaviour of mistrust in the world around them and in themselves. As a parent it is important to make the child with ADHD feel trusted in order to help them complete this stage of development. Punishments should never be the tool to discipline the hyperactivity, instead they should use Rewards as their only tool.

2. Autonomy v/s Shame and doubt: Generally, children with ADHD feel a sense of self doubt and lack of autonomy because of their inability to perform well in school activities, academics and other activites compared to a peer. Parents need to step in here, and make the child feel more confident and boost their self esteem. This could be done by practicing controlled autonomy at home in which the child is made to take decision on his/her own among the alternatives set by the parent.

3. Initiative v/s Guilt: Due to lack of attention span, a child with ADHD find it difficult to stay focused and therefore find tasks at hand boring. This is the reason why it is difficult for them to take initiative. When they don't achieve enough, they tend to feel guilty about it. As a parent, one has to give more undivided attention to their children with ADHD and help them complete tasks at hand. This will help the child increase concentration and reduce their guilt.

4.Industry v/s Inferiority: Children with ADHD develops inferiority when they fail to achieve goals and they know that they've failed at it. Punishments and negative remarks from elders and peers may trigger the situation even further. In order to improve their industriousness, parents should focus on the child's strengths daily and focus on their interests and abilities. Praising a child with ADHD works miracles.

5. Identity vs Role Confusion: The inattentiveness, impulsiveness and mood swings of an ADHD child often leads to role confusion. Parents can adopt a one-minute time out rule everytime the child shows an unpleasant response, followed by rewards whenever the child overcomes an issue.

6. Intimacy v/s Isolation: An ADHD child seeks intimacy and does not like isolation. Having said that, they may not know how to handle an intimate relationship and might seek constant attention. Parents do need to understand this and not get frustrated by the constant approvals that their child asks for.

7. Generativity v/s Self Absorption: When it comes to task achievements, a child with ADHD would come across as extremely self aborbed. They don't understand the relevance of time management and get bored during group works. They seek undivided attention and interrupts when they feel that they aren't getting the attention they deserve. Parents can role-play team work at home and help the child understand the relevance of taking turns. The child can practice listening-time and sharing at this stage.

8. Integrity v/s Despair: Due to their low self esteem and feeling of inferiority about themselves, a child with ADHD may often have feelings of despair. This could be seen in their falling grades, irregularity, changes in sleep and eat patterns etc. As a parent, one should notice these minor changes at an early age, seek help from teachers, have more family time and take the child to a counsellor if necessary.

These are the eight stages of psycho-social development from the eyes of a child with ADHD. The milestones need hardwork to achieve but aren't impossible. With care, guidance and praise a child can overcome these fixations at the right time.

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Using Erikson’s framework, go through each of the 8 psychosocial crises from the

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