Directions: Circle the letter corresponding to your choice. 1. One difference be

Question

Directions: Circle the letter corresponding to your choice. 1. One difference between Pavlovian and operant conditioning is that in operant conditioning a. aversive stimuli are used instead of appetitive stimuli. b. appetitive stimuli are used instead of aversive stimuli. c. the presentation of the US (e.g. shock) does not depend on the individual's behavior. d. the presentation of the US (e.g. shock) depends on the individua's behavior. 2. Pulling up the covers to get warm in bed is an example of a. operant behavior b. classical conditioning. c. differential inhibition. d. a reinforcer 3. A prominent figure involved in the development of our knowledge of operant conditioning is a. Pavlov c. Aristotle. d. Skinner. 4. In a traditional eye blink conditioning experiment, the puff of air to the eye serves as the a. unconditioned stimulus b. conditioned stimulus c, unconditioned response d. conditioned response. 5. Compared to delayed conditioning, simultaneous conditioning a. produces stronger conditioning effects b. produces weaker conditioning effects c. produces the same amount of conditioning d. always results in a strong conditioning effect The procedure where the subject is reinforced for successive approximations of the desired response is called 6. a. shaping b. secondary reinforcement c. a discrete-trials procedure. d. trace conditioning Magazine training, though used as a first step in teaching a rat to lever press, is really an example of classical conditioning 7. a. true b. false

Explanation / Answer

1.option D)the presentation of shock is dependent on person's behaviour in operant conditioning.Operant conditioning strengthens or decreases a voluntary behavior through positive or negative reinforcements.In Classical conditioning naturally occuring, involuntary responses ate associated with a novel stimuli by being paired with an old one.

2.Option A) pulling up covers is a behavior that is strengthened or repeated because it is positively reinforced with a warm comfortable bed.

3.Option D) B.F Skinner was the father radical behaviorism in psychology.He is most known for his work on operant conditioning view of learning.It is tge modifications of strenghth of a response or behavior by association with its consequence called reinforcements.These can be positive, negative or punishments. Classical conditioning, studied by Ian Pavlov explained learning of reflexive behavior while Skinner focussed on voluntary behavior.

4.option A)

In traditional eyeblink experiments for classical conditioning, puff of air is paired either with a visual stimuli like light or auditory stimuli like a beep tone. puff of air on its own causes a reflexive eye blink response, making it the unconditioned stimulus.When repeatedly paired with light or sound, the person starts blinking to these stimuli even when no puff of air is blown as conditioning has taken place.

5.Option B)

In delay cconditioning, the CS precedes the US, and there is a slight overlap between two, giving time for the subject to form a connection or association of one predicting the onset of the other making an effective conditioning, simultaneous Conditioning is weaker because both CS and US are presented together, making it difficult to form an association.

6. Option A)

Shaping was a method of training used by B.F Skinner in which reinforcement is given for successive approximations toward a target behavior.

secondary reinforcement- reinforcers which have become associated with being perceived as positive or negative with time through associations with primary reinforcements which are biological needs like food, water, sleep etc.

Discrete Trial Training is a method through which a concept is taught using simple , one step at a time approach.

Trace conditioning is a form of classical conditioning where onset of CS precedes US and there is a time gap with no overlap.

7.False, Magazine training is a form of operant conditioning as it involves reinforcements like food pellets.

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