46 a) What ts change blindness? (1 point) b) In dlass, we spoke about two famous
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46 a) What ts change blindness? (1 point) b) In dlass, we spoke about two famous research studies that demonstrated change blindness. Describe one of them.(1 polnt) 47. Answer ONE of the following (YOUR CHOICEL): a)what is a flashbulb memory? why might they occur?CI Pom? bj What is a postive prediction error? CI roume) 48. Charlie used to love the ocean. One day while splashing around with his friends, he got stung by a jellyfish, which was very painful and frightening, Now, Charlie is afraid to go into the ocean. He has developed a phobia. In this example, identify the following: (4 points; 1 point each) a) Unconditioned Stimulus:Explanation / Answer
46 a) Change blindness is the phenomena of introducing major visual changes in an environment which often go unnoticed by the observer. For example: it can be people entering in a room. So, the observer here would fail to notice people entering the room.
b) One of the first experiments by Daniel Simons and Daniel Levin (1998) – called ‘Door Study’ shows & demonstrates the phenomena of Change Blindness. In this study, the experimenter is asking some passers-by about the directions to some place. While they are still talking and discussing directions, some people carrying a door pass through them and the experimenter is replaced by another person. The strange thing is this go unnoticed by the person who is providing the directions. As per the study, 50% of the people didn’t notice the experimenter being replaced by another. This showed that change blindness as a phenomenon is more common in our daily lives than we think of. According to Simons, attention is limited. Hence, we tend to focus on things of our interest and ignore the others.
47 a) Flashbulb memory is a highly detailed and sharp memory of an incident or event which is stored and retained for life in one’s memory. This is generally associated with an emotional arousing or meaningful event. For example: One’s first stage performance or even the most famous 9/11 tragedy. Such memory is retained because of the deep or impactful emotions attached to it. One may remember he/her first stage performance in detail because of the emotions and anxieties attached to it. The tragedy of 9/11 is an event in which people got deeply impacted by the devastation around them and seeing people die right in front of them.
b) The difference between the outcome or result that occurred with that of the expected outcome or result tells us about the prediction error.
A positive prediction error indicates that the actual outcome was better than the expectation.
48 a) The jellyfish which causes the pain and fear to Charlie is the unconditioned stimulus. This is because Charlie never feared going to water earlier but after being stung by the jellyfish he fears going into water now. So jellyfish is the unconditioned stimulus.
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