Evaluate the following causal claims and decide whether the item is an example o

Question

Evaluate the following causal claims and decide whether the item is an example of: (choose and type/write the letter from the list below)

(a) the third-party technique

(b) a misconception of science used to support a non-scientific conclusion

(c) a plausible scientific conclusion

(d) argument from ignorance

(e) confirmation bias

1. James Patterson uses electric current passed through nickel and palladium coated beads to claim that his Patterson cell “beads” results in an energy output two hundred times greater than what he put into it.

2. Researchers working for a foundation, Grapes for Health, set up by the wine industry to study the relation of wine to health, have published reports finding that wine reduces risk for heart disease.

3. Jacques Benveniste reported that an antibody solution diluted 30X continues to evoke a biological response even though the dilution would leave no trace of the antibody.

4. Paul Brodeur argues that the studies that show that electromagnetic fields have no carcinogenic effects on children confirmed that a governmental conspiracy has occurred.

5. Pons and Fleischman suggest that because current scientific evidence does not disprove cold fusion, then this process must occur.

6. Adam Smith argued that economic supply if increased would result in a decrease in economic demand.

7. Proponents of cold fusion ignore negative evidence from both physicists and “elite” private universities because they are “protecting their turf.”

Explanation / Answer

1. A misconception of science used to support a non-scientific conclusion. Here, Pasternak employs unreliable scientific procedures to support his claim.

2. Third-party technique. In this case, the wine industry employs an outside firm, Grapes for Health, to promote a specific message about the company itself, its products or its services

3. A plausible scientific conclusion. Jacques Jacques Benveniste reported these findings based on observation of the antibody solution.

4. Confirmation bias. Here, the conclusion that has been drawn is used to support an unrelated yet previously held notion about government conspiracy.

Please post the other questions separately as we are supposed to answer just one question or four sub parts of a question.

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