HELPFUL INFO--- Appeal to Unqualified Authority Encourages audience to accept wh

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HELPFUL INFO---

Appeal to Unqualified Authority

Encourages audience to accept what others believe

Claims or assumes special expertise

One or more of the following problems:

Appeals to people who are not experts in the appropriate subject, or not experts at all

Lack of consensus among experts on the subject

Not an area of established knowledge

Appeals to untrustworthy experts

Appeal to Ignorance

Can be paraphrased in the following way

There is no evidence/proof that p

Therefore, p is false

It is NOT the case that: If p were true, good evidence or a proof of p would have been discovered.

Hasty Generalization

Reasoning from a sample to the general population

One of the following

The sample is too small

The sample is biased

NOT one of the other, more specific, fallacies. (Some other fallacies could be subsumed under HG, especially FC and WA)

False Cause

Starts with correlation between X and Y, concludes X is the cause of Y

Fails to rule out other potentially more likely explanations, especially:

Just coincidence

It’s reversed, Y causes X

Some third thing, Z, causes both

X is only one of a number of causal factors

Subtype: "The Gambler’s Fallacy"

Concerns a series of independent events or turns, where X is one possible result among others

Premises say that X has not come up as often as statistically expected in previous turns

Concludes X is more likely on the next turn

Slippery Slope

Argument that can be paraphrased:

A leads to B

B leads to C

…

… leads to Z.

Z is a catastrophe or an absurdity.

So, A must be rejected.

No objectively good reason to predict such a chain reaction

Weak Analogy

Makes a comparison between X and Y

The similarities are not relevant to the conclusion

There are dissimilarities that are relevant to the conclusion

QUESTION 31 Real example) Senator Joe McCarthy supports his allegations that a member of State Department was a communist spy, by saying. I do not have much information on this except the general statement of the agency that there is nothing in the files to disprove his communist connections O Appeal to Unqualified Authority Appeal to ignorance o Hasty Generalization False Cause Slippery Slope O Weak Analogy No Fallacy QUESTION 32 Those boarding a bus are never required to pass through a security checkpoint An airliner is like a bus in the sky. Therefore, those boarding an airliner should not be required to pass through a security checkpoint. Appeal to Unqualified Authority Appeal to Ignorance O Hasty Generalization O False Cause Slippery Slope O Weak Analogy O No Fallacy QUESTION 33 While driving on the freeway a big truck cut me off when it changed lanes. A few days earlier another truck tailgated me, and yet another refused to dim its lights. The conclusion is obvious. Most truckers these days are rude and reckless. Appeal to Unqualified Authority Appeal to ignorance o Hasty Generalization False Cause Slippery Slope Weak Analogy O No Fallacy

Explanation / Answer

1.Option B)

appeal to ignorance goes both ways, presuming somthing is false or true due to lack of contrary evidence, in this case senator is supporting his statement as true as there is no proof that it is false.

2.Option F)Weak Analogy

The comparison of a bus to an airplane are not relevant to the conclusion.

3.Option C)

Hasty Generalization, similar incidents with 3 truck drivers is not enough a sample to reach a conclusion.

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