1.Define and explain the reason for using time sampling and situation sampling i

Question

1.Define and explain the reason for using time sampling and situation sampling in naturalistic observation.

2.Describe the primary goals of naturalistic observation, participant observation, structured observation, and field experiments.

3.Describe the two main methods for indirect (unobtrusive) observation and the important advantage these methods have over direct observation.

4.Describe three problems and limitations that can occur when archival records are used in research, and how these problems affect researchers' conclusions about evidence from archival records.

5.Identify the four measurement scales and provide an example of each measurement scale.

6.Identify one factor that decreases interobserver reliability and one factor that increases interobserver reliability.

7.Define observer bias and describe the best way to reduce this problem in a research study.

8.Two observers observe a child in the classroom every 30 minutes to record whether he is behaving aggressively. They use two categories for their observations: yes (aggressive) or no (not aggressive). Using the data presented below, answer the following question.
Oberver 1 Observer 2

Obervation 1 yes yes

Obervation 2 yes no

Obervation 3 no no

Obervation 4 no yes

Obervation 5 yes no

Obervation 6 yes yes

Obervation 7 yes no

Obervation 8 no no

Obervation 9 yes yes

Obervation 10 no yes

a.Calculate and report the observers' interobserver reliability.

b.Do you think the observers demonstrated acceptable interobserver reliability? Why or why not?

9.Read this description of a study and answer the questions that follow:

A reporter at a university newspaper sought to gather evidence about the quality of teaching at the university. For one week at the beginning of the semester she attended 5 different, large-lecture classes each day, each with a different instructor. She asked 4 other reporters to do this too (they all attended different classes), and she trained them regarding the ratings they would make. The reporters pretended to be students, but sat in the back of class so the instructor wouldn't notice their observations. Using 10-point rating scales, they rated each instructor on five dimensions: interesting, organized, informative, friendly, and respectful. They summarized their findings and reported that, in general, the quality of teaching at the university is very good.

a.Identify the type of observational method used in this study.

b.Identify one aspect of the procedures that would likely decrease any reactivity associated with the observations.

c.Identify one aspect of the procedures in this study that the reporter used to improve the reliability of the observations.

d.Based on this reporter's procedures, are you confident that the quality of teaching at the university is "very good." Why or why not?

Explanation / Answer

Answer-1- Naturalistic observation refers to the spontaneous behaviour of the people in natural conditions. Through this method, the researcher is able to observe the behaviour in his own setting studies. Naturalistic observation is used to create new ideas and support the external validity of the research.It becomes difficult to observe each and every moment of a participant's life, researchers generally use sampling techniques to collect data from naturalistic observation. The different ways to collect samples are-

Answer-2- The primary goals of naturalistic observation, participant observation, structured observation and field experiment can be described with the help of the following points-

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