33. Based on the following Theories of Personality, Explain what are the most im

Question

33. Based on the following Theories of Personality, Explain what are the most important influences on Personality Development, Describe the causes of problem behaviors and Identify the most effective ways to study and understand Personality? Please give detailed answers for each of the theories of personality. a. Freud's Theory b. Jung's Theory c. Adler's Theory d. Horney' Theory e. Erikson's Theory f. Maslow's Theony g. Rogers' Theory I h. Skinner's Theory i. Bandura's Theory j. Allport's Theory

Explanation / Answer

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY

Freud’s Theory: Freud’s Theory on Personality describes that personality is formed through conflicts of three fundamental structure of mind such as id, ego and superego.The theory propounded by Freud argues that human behaviour is the results of interactions among these three components of mind i.e. id, ego and superego. According to this Freudian model of the psyche, the id is the disorganized part of the personality structure that contains a human's basic, instinctual drives. Id is the only component of personality that is present from birth. It is the source of our bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses, particularly our sexual and aggressive drives. The super-ego reflects the internalization of cultural rules, mainly taught by parents and applying their guidance and influence. It plays the critical and moralizing role; and the ego is the organized, realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and the super-ego.

Jung’s Theory: Highly influenced by the work of Freud, Jung developed his theory of Personality based on the works of Freud and stated that there are eight personality styles or types.They are :

Adler’s Theory: Adler's Personality Theory is similar to that of Freud's Personality Theory except that Adler's drive for human behavior is the need to overcome the feelings of inferiority. Inferiority is a feeling that humans feel since they are born. His emphasis on the importance of feelings of inferiority, the inferiority complex, is recognized as an isolating element which plays a key role in personality development. Alfred Adlerconsidered human beings as an individual whole.

Horney’s Theory: Karen Horney believed that neurosis resulted from basic anxiety caused by interpersonal relationships. Her theory proposes that strategies used to cope with anxiety can be overused, causing them to take on the appearance of needs.

Erikson’s Theory: Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development considers the impact of external factors, parents and society on personality development from childhood to adulthood. According to Erikson’s theory, every person must pass through a series of eight interrelated stages over the entire life cycle. These stages are Infancy, Toddler, Preschooler, School Age child, Adolescent, Young Adult, Middle-aged Adult, and Late Adult.

Maslow’s Theory: Maslow’s Personality theory of personality is based on his Need Hierarchy theory of motivation. He said that once the basic needs of Human beings are fulfilled, they strive for self-actualization or realization of their full potential.

Roger’s Theory: Rogers theory on personality emphasized the importance of the self-actualizing tendency in shaping human personalities. He said that Human beings develop an ideal self and a real self based on the conditional status of positive regard.

Skinner’s Theory: Skinner believed that the environment determines behaviour. According to his view, people have consistent behaviour patterns because they have particular kinds of response tendencies. This means that over time, people learn to behave in particular ways. Behaviours that have positive consequences tend to increase, while behaviours that have negative consequences tend to decrease.

Bandura’s Theory: Bandura's theory incorporates some aspects from behaviorist and cognitive learning, his theory is unique. Not only because he discovered that human learn from each other, but through observational learning and imitation.

Allport’s Theory: American psychologist Gordon Allport developed Trait Theory of Personality where he tries to describe people according to recognizable traits of personality. His theory seeks to emphasize the characteristics that capture what a person is really like.

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