Which of the following factors did not contribute to the medical profession beco

Question

Which of the following factors did not contribute to the medical profession becoming a successful professional group during post-industrial America?

Urbanization

Science and technology

Lack of institutional care

Lay public becoming dependent on the medical profession

Which of the following best characterized the role of the Hill-Burton Act?

Helped to promote the development of non-profit community hospitals

Required states to develop and upgrade annually a plan for health facility construction

Made it possible for small remote communities to have their own hospitals

All the above

Only a and c

2 points   

QUESTION 3

US hospitals underwent significant transformation in its function. Matching the following regarding the hospital's evolution and function:

Primitive institutions of social welfare

Distinct Institutions of Care for the Sick

Organized Institutions of Medical Practice

Advanced Institutions of Medical Training and Research

Consolidated Systems of Health Services Delivery

Economic pressure resulting from decrease in-patient reimbursement leading hospitals to merge or enter into formal affiliations with other hospitals

Almshouses and pesthouses to provide food and shelter to the poor; medical and nursing care were secondary and primitive

Advances in medical science transformed hospitals into institutions of medical practice; hospitals regarded as a necessity because superior medical care and surgical procedures could not be obtained at home

Important centers for dissemination of biomedical knowledge and playing a central role in the training of health care professionals

Infirmaries or hospital departments of city poorhouses formed into independent medical care institutions; formation of the voluntary hospitals

10 points   

QUESTION 4

The political contentiousness of universal health coverage/national health insurance in the US involves on how the coverage/insurance should be financed.

True

False

2 points   

QUESTION 5

Match the following terms to the corresponding concept or definition.

Social insurance model of national health insurance

Public assistance (welfare) model of national health insurance

Kennedy Bill (1970)

Physicians for a National Health Program (1989)

Nixon Proposal (1970) and Clinton Proposal (1993)

Massachusetts Individual Mandate Plan (2006)

A government-financed national health insurance proposal where a single federally operated health insurance plan would replace all public and private insurance plans.

A national health insurance program that is financed by social security contributions and only those who contribute are eligible to receive benefits.

A national health insurance program that is financed by general taxes and those receiving benefits may not necessarily have contributed to the financing of the program.

Privately administered national health insurance proposals requiring employers to purchase/provide health insurance for their employees.

A state-level universal health insurance program where individuals are required to purchase health insurance.

A single-payer national health insurance proposal that would involve a single government fund with the individual states paying the providers.

12 points   

QUESTION 6

Which of the following are secondary features of national health insurance that need to be considered in order to deliver true health security to the public?

Patient cost sharing

Reforming health care delivery

Cost containment

All the above

Only a & c

2 points   

QUESTION 7

US national health insurance proposals have always focused on the government financing the insurance program.

True

False

2 points   

QUESTION 8

Which of the following are mechanisms used to expand insurance coverage under the Affordable Care Act?

Requiring individuals and families to purchase health insurance if they not covered by employment-based health insurance and/or government sponsored health insurance (e.g., Medicare, Medicaid)

Prohibiting health insurance companies to deny coverage based on pre-existing medical conditions

Expanding the Medicaid program

All the above

Only a & b

2 points   

QUESTION 9

Under the ACA, an insurance plan's actuarial value (AV) refers to the percentage of health care expenses that the plan will cover for a standard population.

True

False

2 points   

QUESTION 10

A regionalized model of organizing health care organizes and coordinates health resources and services within a geographical area.

True

False

2 points   

QUESTION 11

A disperse model of organizing healthcare services focuses on primary care.

True

False

2 points   

QUESTION 12

Match the following terms to the corresponding concept or definition.

Network HMO model

Group HMO model

Staff HMO model

Point-of-Service Plan

Preferred Provider Organizations

Combines the features of traditional HMOs with patient choice found in PPOs.

HMO contracts with a single multidisciplinary group practice and with hospitals to provide comprehensive services to enrolled patients.

A competitive model to HMOs; offers open-panel option to enrollees and has discounted fee arrangements with providers.

HMO employs its own physicians; physicians are paid by salary with the possibility of a bonus.

HMO contracts with a number of primary care group practices and the primary group practices make referrals to specialists.

10 points   

QUESTION 13

Which of the following methods can be used to finance universal health coverage /national health insurance?

Out-of-pocket payment

Individual private health insurance

Employment-based health insurance

Government financing

All the above

Only a & d

What was the Flexner Report and what were the positive and negative outcomes that resulted from the reforms based on the Flexner Report?

Explain/discuss why the US Supreme Court determined the individual mandate to purchase health insurance as being constitutional.

Managed care has become integral part of health care delivery in the US.

a) Explain/discuss the factors that lead to the growth of managed care in the US.

b) Explain/discuss the 4 integrated functions of managed care.

Answer all parts.

a) Why would Americans oppose to having a Beveridge model of national health insurance (aka single-payer national health service)?

b) What components of a Bismarck model of national health insurance and a National Health Insurance model are similar to the US healthcare system?

c) Switzerland, like the US, requires its citizens to purchase health insurance ("individual-mandate"). However, Switzerland is successful in using an individual mandate to achieve universal health coverage. What are things that the US might learn from Switzerland to make the Affordable Care Act more effective?

a.

Urbanization

b.

Science and technology

c.

Lack of institutional care

d.

Lay public becoming dependent on the medical profession

Explanation / Answer

1. The correct answer is Option A. Urbanisation did not contribute to the rise of medical professionals during the post industrial America.

2. The correct answer is Option E. Statments A and C best characterises the role of the Hill-Burton Act.

3. Primitive institutions of social welfare: B. Distinct Institutions of Care for the Sick: E. Organised Institutions of Medical Practice: C. Advanced Institutions of Medical Training and Research: D. Consolidated Systems of Health Delivery: A.

4. True. The political contentiousness of universal health coverage/national health insurance in the US involves on how the coverage/insurance should be financed.

Please post the other questions separately as we are supposed to answer just one question or four sub parts of a question.

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