How many total NAD^+ and FAD are reduced with each turn of the Kreb\'s cycle: NA
ID: 3474103 • Letter: H
Question
How many total NAD^+ and FAD are reduced with each turn of the Kreb's cycle: NAD^+ FAD^- Where are the electron carriers (or complexes) for the electron transport chain (ETC) located: How many electron carriers (or complexes) can transport H" pairs into the intermembrane space: For each pair of electrons entering at complex I, how many total H^+ pairs would be transported: How many ATP are synthesized at the end of the electron transport chain for each pair of hydrogen that pass back through the ATP synthase: Which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain: The NAD^+ reduced during glycolysis cannot cross the mitochondrial membranes. How are the electrons delivered to the electron transport chain: How many ATP would be synthesized for each NADH^+ H^+ reduced during glycolysis in an epithelial cell lining the gut? Provide a brief detail of your reasoning for this answer. A 20 carbon fatty acid can be cleaved into 10 acetyl CoA molecules. Assuming that each of these acetyl-CoA molecules will enter Kreb's cycle and that all of the reduced NADH and FADH_2 will deliver electrons to the ETC, how many ATP would get synthesized? Show your work here!Explanation / Answer
11. Number of molecules reduced per turn of kreb's cycle
NAD+ = 3
FAD = 1
Each of the three NADH molecules produced per turn of the cycle yields three ATPs and the single FADH2 yields two ATPs by oxidative phosphorylation.
12. In eukaryotes, electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the inner membrane of mitochondria whereas in prokaryotes the process occurs in the plasma membrane.
13. 3 complexes are involved - NADH dedhydrogenase, Cytochrome bc1 complex and cytochrome oxidase
14. Two electron and two H+ are accepted in total
NADH dehydrogenase (NADH-Q reductase or complex I) consists of atleast 30 polypeptides. It binds the NADH and re-oxidizes it to NAD+, passing the two electrons from NADH to a prosthetic group called FMN ( Flavin mononucleotide) to produce FMNH2. Each electron is accepted together with a hydrogen ion, H+, such that two electrons and two H+ are accepted in total.
15. Approximately three ATP molecules are synthesized per NADH oxidised and two ATPs synthesized per FADH2 oxidized.
16. Cytochrome oxidase has two cytochromes paired with copper atoms. During electron transfer, the copper atoms cycle between the Cu2+ and Cu+ states. Finally, cytochrome oxidase passes four electrons to molecular oxygen to form two molecules of water.
17. Energy liberated (ATP) by electron transport is used to pump H+ ions out of the mitochondrion to create an electrochemical proton (H+) gradient. The protons flow back into the mitochondrion through ATP synthetase located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, and this drives ATP synthesis.
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