Please help me answer 9 and 10. Please show your work so I understand how to do

Question

Please help me answer 9 and 10. Please show your work so I understand how to do it on my own. To answer the comment below, I would assume he meant -0.31 C, unless its possible for something to freeze at 0.31C.

9. Pure HOH freezes at 0°c (273°K). What is the osmolarity of a glucose solution that freezes at 1.86°C? 0.93°C? 0.18°C? 10. If 30 g of glucose are dissolved in 1 liter of HOH, the solution freezes at 031°C, what is the molarity of the solution? From this information, calculate the AMU of glucose 11. For impermeant osmolytes, the relationship between cell volume and the osmolarity of external fluids is given by If the normal volume of the cell (Vo-1) is obtained in 280 mOsm solution (Co), what is the relative volume of the cell in each of the following solutions? Make a graph of V versus mOsm. 80 mÖsm 160 mOsm 250 mOsm 400 mOsm 600 mOsm Which solutions are hypotonic? Hypertonic? Why? What solution is isotonic? 12. Explain why substances which are hydrophobic cause hemolysis even when presented in concentrations which are isosmotic to the RBCs. (i.e. they act like hypotonic concentrations of NaCI) 13. Some substances, due to their size or lipid solubility (hydrophobic), can penetrate (permeate) cellular membranes. These substances will establish equal concentrations on both sides of the membrane at equilibrium. As described above, RBCs are isotonic in 154 mM NaCl (308 mOsm). Describe the series of volume changes a RBC will got through if placed in a large volume of 154 mM NaCl plus 50 uM urea. (Hint- what are the osmolarities of the RBC and two solutions?) How will the osmolarity of the RBC change in the urea+NaCl solution? Describe the volume changes the RBC experiences under initial and equilibrium conditions. 14. Within the organism, all cells are isosmotic with the extracellular medium. In the kidney, blood in renal capillaries my experience extreme osmotic pressure changes in a matter of a few seconds. In the cortex, the solution are about 320 mOsm while near the renal pelvis the solutions are 1200 mOsm. If blood flow carries RBCs through these regions, how will RBC volume and shape change? 15. What is the difference between isosmotic and anisomotic volume regulation? In general. which process occurs within the organism? Which process occurs at the organism/environment interface? 16. When assaulted with hypotonic and hypertonic solutions, RBCs and other cells will shrink or swell Describe the short-term mechanism of volume regulation in each case. What are the long-term mechanisms (see Lang and Waldagger 1997)

Explanation / Answer

9) The relationship between osmolarity and depression in freezing point is given by the equation,

Delta T = Kf x osmolality-

Kf is the cryoscopic constant (1.86 K.kg/mol)

A) osmolality- 1.86/Kf

= 1.86/1.86

= 1

B) osmolality = 0.93/1.86

= 1/2

= 0.5

C) osmolality- 0.18/1.86

= 0.1

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