Trigger to release tsh, acth, prolactin, gh, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, ep

Question

Trigger to release tsh, acth, prolactin, gh, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, epinephrine, noreprenephrine, sex steroids, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, insulin, glucagon, melatonin, thymopoietin, Thymosin, estradiol, progesterone, testosterone Trigger to release tsh, acth, prolactin, gh, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, epinephrine, noreprenephrine, sex steroids, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, insulin, glucagon, melatonin, thymopoietin, Thymosin, estradiol, progesterone, testosterone

Explanation / Answer

(TSH) Thyroid stimulating hormone - stimulates the thyroid gland.

(ACTH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates adrenal cortex.

(PRL) Prolactin stimulates milk secretion. The release of PRL is controlled primarily by an inhibitory hormone, (PIH) prolactin inhibiting hormone, now known to be dopamine (DA) which prevents prolactin secretion. Decreased PIH secretion leads to a surge in PRL release. There are a number of prolactin-releasing factors, including TRH. In females, prolactin levels rise and fall in rhythm with estrogen blood levels. Estrogen stimulates prolactin release, both directly and indirectly. A brief rise in prolactin levels just before the menstrual period partially accounts for the breast swelling and tenderness but because it is so brief breasts do not produce milk. In pregnant women, PRL blood levels rise dramatically toward the end of pregnancy, milk production becomes possible. After birth, the infant's suckling stimulates the release of prolactin-releasing factors in the mother, encouraging milk production & availability.

(GH) Growth Hormone stimulates all body cells for growth and metabolism.

Calcitonin is a hormone that the C-cells in the thyroid gland produce and release. It opposes the action of the parathyroid hormone, helping to regulate the blood’s calcium and phosphate levels.

(PTH) a parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium and magnesium levels and decreases blood phosphate levels.

Epinephrine (adrenaline) & norepinephrine contributes to fight or flight response; helps resist stress; increase blood pressure; increase blood flow to the heart, liver, & skeletal muscles; dilates airways to lungs; increases blood glucose levels.

Sex steroids, also known as gonadocorticoids and gonadal steroids, are steroid hormones that interact with vertebrate androgen or estrogen receptors. They include;

a) ANDROGENS: The androgens function as paracrine hormones required by the Sertoli cells to support sperm production. They are also required for masculinization of the developing male fetus, including penis and scrotum formation.

b) ESTROGENS: Estrogen is the primary female sex hormone as well as a medication. It is responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics.

c) PROGESTOGENS: Progesterone supports the pregnancy. Progesterone also acts on the mammary glands and stimulate the formation of alveoli and milk secretion.

Mineralocorticoids are a class of corticosteroids, which are a class of steroid hormones.Mineralocorticoids are corticosteroids that influence salt and water balances (electrolyte balance and fluid balance).

Glucocorticoid is a steroid hormone that is produced by the adrenal gland and known particularly for its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions. They help the body adapt to intermittent food intake by keeping blood glucose levels fairly constant and maintain blood pressure by increasing the action of vasoconstrictors.

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