Determine if estrogen is secreted mostly by the testes. The onset of spermatogen

Question

Determine if estrogen is secreted mostly by the testes. The onset of spermatogenesis and the menses results from secretion of which hormone? The thymus gland is well developed in whom and important in the development of which response? Which gland has an antigonadotropic effect in humans and what is its primary hormone? Do the kidney cells secrete ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)i? Can thyroid hormone target the adult brain? Calcitriol vs cholecalciferol: Which is the inactive form of vitamin D3? If an individual is experiencing hypocalcemia, it is important that: Is T3 converted to T4 on target tissues? What do endocrine glands secrete? When does a "rouleau" form? What are the characteristics of a patient afflicted with Cushing's disease? Which of the following homeostatic imbalances are most likely indicative of the aforementioned symptoms? Which 2 hormones are synthesized by the hypothalamus? Where would the corpora arenacea (brain sand) is most evident in which of the following? In a given thyroid/parathyroid tissue sample, determine which hormones are secreted

Explanation / Answer

2. Thymus is larger and well developed in children, and later during puberty, it atrophies. It is important for the maturation of T-Lymphocytes, which helps in immune response (Cell mediated immunity).

3. Pineal gland secretes Melatonin, which mainly regulates sleep-wake cycle. However it's lesser known function, is that it inhibits secretion of gonadal hormones (FSH and LH). Hence, named Antigonadotropic hormone.

4. ANP is secreted and by the cells of the heart (Cardiac myocytes of the Atrium) and bind with the NP receptors on the kidneys, to cause exretion of salt.

Note: BNP is produced in the Ventricles of the heart.

5. Thyroid hormones can influence brain development and functioning. Fluctuations in Thyroid hormones can cause brain/mental symptoms. For eg. Hypothyroidism can cause reduced concentration, sleep issues etc. In severe cases, cognitive behavioral impairment, memory disorders such as dementia can be seen.

6. Cholecalciferol is the inactive form of Vitamin D. It is synthezied in the skin due to reaction with UV rays. It is then converted into active forms such as Calcitriol in the kidney, calcifediol in the liver.

7. Hypocalcemia is low levels of Calcium in blood, which can lead to various conditions, which can potentially be serious, such as muscle cramps, tetany, seizures, irregular heart rhythm etc. It is important that one take proper supplements, of calcium along with Vitamin D, for better absorption of the same.

8. T4 converts to T3, which is the more active form of thyroid hormone. The target tissues of these hormones are brain, muscles, heart and bone, where they act.

9. Endocrine glands secrete hormones.

10. Rouleau is formed when the ESR is increased. This can occur in inflammatory diseases, diabetes, cancers, etc.

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