Your friend\'s dog, Spot, jumped onto a table with a terrarium housing your pet
ID: 3479932 • Letter: Y
Question
Your friend's dog, Spot, jumped onto a table with a terrarium housing your pet salamander, Lizzie Unfortunately, the table tipped over and Spot has suffered a head injury which damaged the primary motor cortex. Lizzie lost most of the distal right forelimb in the accident. Please answer the following questions regarding the nervous system and regeneration, in a .docx, .pptx, or.pdf format. A. Starting at the epiblast, describe five developmental events leading up to the generation of upper motor neurons that reside in layer 5 of the motor cortex. B. You employ a published IPSC approach to generate cortical layer 5 neurons in a culture dish from Spot's fibroblasts. After transplanting them into the brain lesion site, the neurons must regenerate axons and synapse Describe two cytoskeletal components crucial for axonal outgrowth and how extracellular cues modulate this process. Propose an experimental manipulation that would promote synapse formation? C. Compare epimorphosis and morphallaxis. Describe an example of each D. Lizzie just so happened to be part of the experiment by the Tanaka group in which they transplanted GFP fluorescently labeled cartilage into its limbs (see Nov. 9 lecture). Describe where GFP positive cells are found in Lizzie's forelimb after it regenerates. Provide an explanation for these observationsExplanation / Answer
a- The upper layer have epiblast cells and the lower layer have hypoblast cells. By the top of the third week, the embryo is reworked through a collection of processes that ar remarked put together as gastrulation into a three-layered structure. Whereas this could appear to be an easy modification, the transformations of cell lines that occur throughout gastrulation set the stage for all subsequent developments within the embryo.
The epiblast cells of the higher cell layer can differentiate into the 3 primary somatic cell lines which will eventually make to all or any of the structures within the developing embryo, whereas the hypoblast cells of the lower layer can kind extraembryonic tissues like the vertebrate part of the placenta and also the connecting stalk. Among the somatic cell lines that emerge throughout gastrulation are the neural stem cells.
The neural stem cells are capable of manufacturing all of the various cells that compose the brain and central nervous system, and for this reason, the neural stem cells are typically known as the neural progenitor cells. The differentiation of those cells into neural progenitor cells is that the results of complicated molecular communication that involves multiple proteins that have created by many completely different populations of embryonic cells.
Remember that at the start of gastrulation, epiblast cells begin to migrate toward so through the primitive streak. Because the set of cells that migrate on the rostral-caudal midplane of the embryo approach the gap, they pass another structure known as the primitive node that has placed at the rostral finish of the primitive streak. The region of the embryo containing the neural ancestor cells is remarked because the neural plate.
The neural ancestor cells lie between the 2 ridges. Over the course of many days, the ridges rise, fold inward and fuse to make a hollow tube. The anterior neuropore at the foremost rostral caudal midline of the epiblast and the posterior neuropore at the caudal midline are the last segments to shut, on E25 and E27, severally. Because of the neural progenitors are placed within the region, which will become the ventricles, the region is termed the “ventricular zone” (VZ). Despite the fact that the fundamental three-dimensional organization of the embryo is clear with the formation of the epiblast, over ensuing month, the embryo undergoes ascension.
At the top of neurulation the embryo is three to five millimetre long, and by the top of the GW8 it grows to twenty seven to thirty one millimetre, a denary increase. The most anterior of those embryonic brain vesicles is termed the “prosencephalon” that is that the embryonic precursor of the prosencephalon. The center sac is that the “mesencephalon” that is that the precursor of neural structure structures, and also the most posterior is that the “rhombencephalon” which can become the rhombencephalon. These 3 segments more subdivide and by the top of the embryonic amount the 5 secondary brain vesicles are there. The neural structure divides into the “telencephalon” and the “diencephalon”, and also the hindbrain divides into the “metencephalon” and “myelencephalon”. The neural structure does not more split. These 5 subdivisions are aligned on the rostral-caudal axis of the embryo and establish the first organization of the central nervous system.
b- Two cytoskeletol components are intermediate filaments and microtubules are responsible for axonal outgrowth.
If we provide uridine and dihydroxyacetone phosphate in the neuron growing solutions, the synapses formation would enhance.
c- Epimorphosis occur through pluripotency of cells in which the regeneration of tissues or organs via the dedifferentiation of presented differentiated adult tissues. Adult cells dedifferentiate into a mass of cells that then divides into the new structure. The dedifferentiation process of adult cells called as pluripotency.
Morphallaxis: It is a kind of regeneration the lost part is replaced by regeneration process of remaining tissue but the detached part forms a complete organism.
d- GFP is a reporter protein that helps to identify the expression of a known protein. Therefore, if regeneration occurs in the Lizzie limb the protein will attaches to regenerating proteins that are C-type lectin-like proteins and will fluors as green color.
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