A. Anh has a short term dietary deficiency of Calcium. This means she has not be

Question

A. Anh has a short term dietary deficiency of Calcium. This means she has not been consistently ingesting enough calcium to repliish normal daily loss, maybe for a couple of weeks. Would you expect;

1. Parathyroid hormone to increase, decrease or stay the same

2. Osteoclast activity to increase, decrease or stay the same.

3. Bone density to increase, decrease or stay the same.

4. Rentention of Calcium at the kidneys to increase,decrease or stay the same.

5. Calcitriol activation to increase, decrease or stay the same.

6.Effiency of absorption of Calcium from the diet to inrease, decrease or stay the same.

7.Blood Calcium to go out of normal range (ie dangerously high or low)? Explain:

B.

Connie has primary hyperparathyroidism. As a result of this, do you expect:

1. Osteoclast activity to increase, decrease or stay the same.

2. Bone density to increase, decrease or stay the same.

3. Rentention of Calcium at the kidneys to increase,decrease or stay the same.

4. Calcitriol activation to increase, decrease or stay the same.

5. Effiency of absorption of Calcium from the diet to inrease, decrease or stay the same.

7.Blood Calcium to go out of normal range (ie dangerously high or low)? Explain:

C.

Trudy has a vitamin D deficiency. Do you expect:

1. Parathyroid hormone to increase, decrease or stay the same

2. Osteoclast activity to increase, decrease or stay the same.

3. Bone density to increase, decrease or stay the same.

4. Rentention of Calcium at the kidneys to increase,decrease or stay the same.

5. Effiency of absorption of Calcium from the diet to inrease, decrease or stay the same.

6. Blood Calcium to go out of normal range (ie dangerously high or low)? Explain:

D.

1. Both hypo and hyper- thyroidism (Not parathyrodism) during childhood can cause short structure at adulthood. How is that possible?

2. Estrogen has a stronger effect on bone and cartilage than does testosterone. Also, Females enter puberty 2-3 years earlier than males. How do these two factors account for general defferences in height between males and females?

3. Do you predict that hyperpituitarism causing elevated GH secretion during childhood could affect adult height? Why or why not; and how so?

4. Would you expect a healthy person with well-functioning parathyroid glands and normal vitamin D levels to be hypocalcemic if they have a short-term dietary deficiency?

E.

1. Folate is required for proper mitosis. Could a folate deficiency affect skin and or bone repair? If not, why not? If so, how and why?

2.Vitamin C is required for collagen production. Could a vitamin C deficiency affect skin and / or bone production, maintenance and repair? If not why not? If so, why?

3.Cartilage does not heal as easily as do many other tissues. Why might that be?

4. Why must cartilage die before blood vessles move into a bone that is developing via endochondral ossification?

5.Bone marrow transplants for blood deseases often use blood taken from pelvic bone (ilium) of the donor. What is a benefit of sampling from the ilium rather than the shaft of the femur?

6.Bob the osteocyte lives in of lacunae closest to the central canal of his osteon. Across the next lamella, moving out toward the outer border of his osteon, lives Pam the osteocyte. Continuing to move outward, we find Paul in the next layer, then Tom in the next. Tom lives in the layer of lacunae adjacent to the outermost lamella of the osteon.

i) Draw an osteon, label lacunae, canaliculi, central canal, lamellae. Now draw more bone around it, indicating how blood supply reaches the central canal.

ii) Do Bob, Pam, Paul and tom live in compact or spongy bone? Explain:

iii) How do these bone cells get nutrients?

iv) Might these bone cells physically contact each other? Explain:

v) Draw a close-up of these cells and the wedge of the osteon that they live in. Be sure to include the cells' extentions and where those are. Draw some glucose molecules, indicating where the glucose came from and how they are able to get to each cell.

7. Sam, Harry and Ted live in a trabecula. Sam on the outside layer, Harry in the middle, and Ted on the inside.

i) Compare and contrast how these cells get nutrients with how Bob etc get nutrients.

ii) Do Sam, Harry and Ted live in a compact or spongy bone?

8. Osteoarthritis is a disease marked by loss/ breakdown of articular cartilages. Even though excercising these joints can be painful, low-impact exercise of the joints can help prevent or slow the progression of the desease. Why/ How?

9. Marjorie has been experiencing pain in her shoulder. During a consult with a physical therapist, Marjorie reveals that she has had no memorable injuries to the joint ( or significant injuries anywhere). She maintains a very low level of physical activity, making no specific effort to excercise. Marjorie assumes it is bursitis; but, after thorough examination, the PT tells Marjorie that her shoulder is depressed: scapula is literally sagging down, pulling on tendons and ligaments, and causing discomfort. PT assures Marjorie that exercises designed to strengthen the shoulder muscles should alleviate her pain.

i) Is the PT full of it or on to something (ie, is this possible)? Explain:

ii) What type of joint is, and types of movement allowed by, shoulder?

iii) Name three muscles the PT might target for strengthening.

Explanation / Answer

1. Decrease in calcium levels in the body increases the secretion of parathyroid hormone thus releasing more of calcium in to th blood.

2.Decrease levels of calcium stimulates the release of PTH that further increase the activity of osteoclast cells in bone.

3. Bone density will decrease

4..There will be decrease secretion of calcium through kidneys

5.Calcitriol activation will decrease as its a calcium lowering hormone

6.Absorption of calcium will remain same

4.

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