1. What effect does testosterone have on connective tissue? 2. What is a major e
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Question
1. What effect does testosterone have on connective tissue?
2. What is a major endocrine consequence of chronic energy deficiency in athletes, that are commonly seen in “lean” sports (sports that emphasize attaining low body weight or fat mass for competition)?
3. Compare the hemodynamic response to dynamic vs static exercise. How does this response result in different cardiac adaptations to each type of training?
4. Why can regular aerobic exercise training help reduce the severity of a heart attack (beyond the fact that regular training reduces the risk of a heart attack in the first place)?
5. Describe the cardiovascular and metabolic adaptations to endurance training. What is the role of AMP Kinase in driving the metabolic adaptations to this type of training? What is this enzyme activated by, and how can you maximize its response
6. Which gene is turned on by AMPK that drives mitochondrial biogenesis?
Describe the effect of detraining on mitochondrial density in muscle.
How does training type affect muscle enzymes? Do Type I fibers get converted to Type II fibers with strength training, and vice versa with endurance training (at least, what do most scientists currently believe)?
An elite marathoner has had the same VO2max for years, but in spite of her VO2max not improving, her marathon times have continued to improve steadily. What metabolic factors might explain this continued improvement?
Explanation / Answer
1) Answer
Anabolic hormones, which include growth hormone testosterone, help stimulate connective tissue growth. The more testosterone means more connective tissue and defeciency of the same leads to lack of connective tissue.
2) Answer: Endoocrine consequence in Lean sports:
Exercising at a high intensity along with restricting calories can cause a decrease in the hormones that help regulate the menstrual cycle.
Females who suffer from the female triad have lower levels of estrogen. Experts believe that a woman stops ovulating and menstruating to guard against pregnancy during extreme physiological stress and in turn conserves her energy to support necessary physiological processes for survival.
Long-term energy restriction and extreme exercise disturbs the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. This means that a decrease in hormones also affects bone formation and remodeling and encourages the withdrawal of calcium from bone. Low estrogen levels during the most important years of bone-building can affect bone density for the rest of your life.
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