44. Positive and negative reinforcements are a. different because one is a rewar

Question

44. Positive and negative reinforcements are a. different because one is a reward and one is a punishment b. the same thing c. similar, because they both strengthen the probability of a behavior d. used to facilitate extinction 9 45. Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? a. Every time you get a headache, you take an aspirin. b. A woman is shocked each time she lights up a cigarette. c. A man is presented with an award for outstanding service. d. A child is given praise for having been gentle instead of aggressive with his little sister. 46. Punishment is a less desirable way of shaping behavior because a. it offers no information on how to behavior properly b. punished behaviors do not necessarily go away c. punishment and punisher become associated through dassical conditioning d. all of these 47. How would Skinner view emotions? a. An emotion is understood by observing the behavior associated with it. b. Emotions are explained in terms of the internal psychological experience. c. Emotions can be labeled as good or bad, for example, joy vs. anger. d. all of the above 48. Negative attention seeking in children gets reinforced by parents because a. children receive attention when they are well-behaved but are ignored when they are ill-behaved. b. parents want to make sure that their children learn correct social behavior c. it is often punished. d. children receive attention when they are ill-behaved but are ignored when they are well-behaved. 49. Persistence in gambling is related to the effects of a. continuous reinforcement. b. vicarious classical conditioning c. partial reinforcement. d. extinction. 50. The goal of behavioral therapy is a. to shape behaviors to prevent undesirable one's from recurring. b. to shape behaviors to increase the desired behavior. c. to focus on the total environment rather than the inner state of the dlient. d. all of the above

Explanation / Answer

1. Positive and Negative re-inforcements are:
   c. similar, because they both strengthen the possibility of a behaviour.
   In both positive and negative reinforcements, behaviour is seeked to be stamped in without the use of punishments. In positve reinforcements, good behaviour is rewarded with tokens or praises; whereas in negative reinforcement, an aversive stimuli is removed.

2.Which of the following is an example of negative reinforement:
a. Every time you get a headache, you take an aspirin.
   Here, the aversive stimuli is the headache which we seek to remove. As a result, the aspirin is used to remove this unpleasantness that the person experiences and this behaviour would be continued as long as the aspirin gives the desired results.

3.Punishment is a less desirable way of shaping behaviour because:
d. All of the above
   Positive and negative reinforcements must be preferred over punishment as punishments lead to a negative psychological effect on the individual. There is no demonstration on how the behaviour should be done correctly. It is not a sure shot way of stamping out the behaviour.

4.How would Skinner view emotions:
   a. An emotion is understood by observing the behaviour associated with it.
   Skinner believed that there was no way of understanding the mental processes that occured internally in a direct form as we could not see it in an overt way. Thus, it can only be evaluated through the covert behaviour that it results in.

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