$4. Vicarious learning means: a. learning by observing others b. classical condi
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$4. Vicarious learning means: a. learning by observing others b. classical conditioning c. emotional learning d. no schedule of 35, , are chemical messengers that are emitted into the environment from the body where they can activate specific physiological or behavioral responses in other individuals of the same species. a) Phermones b) Ventromedial structures c)sexual reinforcers d) Serotonin 36. Although several neurotransmitters may be involved, one that is often mentioned for its role in addiction due to its role in producing "reward" in the brain is: a. acetylcholine b. norepinephrine c. dopamine d. GABA 37. What 4 primary emotions did Mowrer propose were involved in incentive motivation? a) relief, hope, excitement, and joy b) fear, happiness, hope, and pride c) fear, relief, sadness, and disappointment d) fear, hope, relief, and disappointment 38. According to Mowrer, an increase in drive leads to a.) hope b.) fear c.) sadness d.) disappointment 39. The Bindra model had a large emphasis on a.) physiological states b.) expectancy c.) consummatory response d.) abstract learning 40. According to Seligman (1976), all of the following are symptoms of helplessness EXCEPT: a. passivity b. retardation of learning c. decrease in aggressiveness or competitiveness d. increase in helplessness with time 41. Overmier and Lowry believed that the mediational model a.) is not sufficient in describing incentive motivation b.) believed fear and hope were milestone in investment c.) believed it aids in response selection d.) emphasized physiological states a 42. According to Symons(1979),-- a. Hair and face b. Intelligence and beauty c. Health and age d. Health and beauty andare the two major attributes of female attractivenessExplanation / Answer
34 a) learning by observing others
Vicarious Learning is defined as tendency to repeat a behavior that is observed as being rewarding or punishing.
35 a) Pheromones
Pheromones are defined as a chemical that is capable of producing changes in the behavior of another animal of the same species. It is not only a sexual triggering agent, but also a behavior-altering agent.
36 c) Dopamine
Dopamine is called as "reward" or "feel good “hormone. Dopamine is involved in creating good or pleasure feelings. It is also activated during substance abuse, leading to addiction.
37 d) Fear, hope, relief and disappointment
Mowrer argued that motivation (incentive) is intertwined to emotional responses and his proposed 4 primary emotions being fear, hope, relief and disappointment.
38 b) fear
According to studies conducted by Mowrer, any increase in drive will lead to negative emotion of fear which will ultimately lead to avoidance response. And he also proposed that decrease in drive will produce the positive emotion of hope.
39 c) consummatory response
Consummatory response is a chain of specific behaviors that is targeted at lessening of a trigger and satisfying the need. Bindra's model proposed Central Motive State (CMS) that is believed to activate goal directed behaviors toward incentive object. This system is activated when there is a drive or when there is a stimulus produced by incentive object (thus, he proposed that incentive stimuli is capable of serving both as energizing and directional functions).
40 c) decrease in aggressiveness or competitiveness
According to Martin Seligman learned helplessness is defined as that behavior that occurs when repeated aversive or painful situations are encountered that renders them unable to escape or avoid. This is a behavior symptomized by giving up, low self-esteem, frustration, passivity, decreased learning and problem-solving capacity, etc.
41 c) believed it aids response selection
Overmier and Lowry believed that meditation model are incentives comprised of 2 separate links, one link being that between stimulus and mediator; the other link being independent and between mediator and response. In this model the incentives are capable of energizing and cue leading to response selection properties.
42 a) Hair and face
Symons argued that female physical attributes are the one's important to attract the males. This attractiveness is innate in males. Physical attributes include clear eyes, good teeth, beautiful hair, good skin, clear complexion, etc. He said that youth (health and age) are secondary attributes for attraction.
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