Lost in Translation, Lera Boroditsky I would like 4 rhetorical devices that appe

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Lost in Translation, Lera Boroditsky I would like 4 rhetorical devices that appeal to the psychological aspect of the article. I just need to know what type of device it is, and why it's effective to her argument.

THE WALL STREET JOURNAL SATURDAY, JULY 24, 2010 © 2010, Dow Jones & Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved Lost in Translation New cognitive research suggests that language profoundly influences the way people see the world; a different sense of blame in Japanese and Spanish Now, a flurry of new cognitive science southwest leg." To say hello in Do the languages we speak shape research is showing that in fact, lan Pormpuraaw, one asks, "Where are you the way we think? Do they merely guage does profoundly influence how we going?", and an appropriate response might be, "A long way to the south The question of whether languages southwest. How about you?" If you dont the very thoughts we shape the way we think goes back centu know which way is which, you literally see the world. express thoughts, or do the structures in ries: Charlemagne proclaimed that "to cant get past hello. About a third of the world's lan- ond soul." But the idea went out of favor guages (spoken in all kinds of physical with scientists when Noam Chomsky's environments) rely on absolute direc- theories of language gained popularity tions for space. As a result of this con- in the 1960s and 70s. Dr. Chomsky pro stant linguistic training, speakers of have a second language is to have a see- sat on a..." Even this snippet of a nursery rhyme reveals how much languages can differ from one another. In English, we have to mark the verb for tense; in this case, we the say "sat rather than "sit. In Indonesian posed that there is a universal grammar such languages are remarkably good at for all human languages-essentially, staying oriented and keeping track of that languages don't really differ from where they are, even in unfamiliar land one another in significant ways. And scapes. They perform navigational feats because languages didn't differ from one scientists once thought were beyond another, the theory went, it made no human capabilities. This is a big differ- you need not (in fact, you can't) change In Russian, you would have to mark tense and also gender, changing the verb if Mrs. Dumpty did the sitting. You would also have to decide if thesting event was completed or not. If our ovoid hero sat on the wall for the entire time he was meant to, it would be a different sense to ask whether linguistic differ ence, a fundamentally different way of ences led to differences in thinking The search for linguistic universals guage. yielded interesting data on languages, form of the verb than if, say, he had a but after decades of work, not a single about space dont end there. People rely people In Turkish, you would have to include in the verb how you acquired this information. For example, if you proposed universal has withstood scru- on their spatial knowledge to build many tiny. Instead, as linguists probed deeper other more complex or abstract repre- into the world's languages (7,000 or so, sentations including time, number, fraction of them analyzed), innu musical pitch, kinship relations, moral- only a saw the chubby fellow on the wall with merable unpredictable differences ity and emotions. So if Pormpuraawans think differently about space, do they also think differently about other things, emerged. your own eyes, you'd use one form of the verb, but if you had simply read or heard about it, you'd use a different Of course, just because people talk differently doesnt necessarily mean ike time? they think differently. In the past dec- To find out, my colleague Alice Gaby Do English, Indonesian, Russian ade,citive scientists have begun to and I traveled to Australia and gave not just how people talk, but Pormpuraawans sets of pictures that measure and Turkish speakers end up attending to, understanding, and remembering also how they think, asking whether our showed temporal progressions (for understanding of even such fundamen example, pictures of a man at different tal domains of experience as space, time ages, or a crocodile growing, or a and causality could be constructed by banana being eaten). Their job was to because they speak different lan language. These questions touch on all the major controversies in the study of mind, with important implications for For example, in Pormpuraaw, a ground to show the correct temporal f Aboriginal community in Aus order. We tested each person in two sep- itte tralia, the indigenous languages dont arate sittings, each time facing in a dif these use terms like "left" and "right." Instead, ferent cardinal direction. When asked to everything is talked about in terms of do this, English speakers arrange time absolute cardinal directions (north, from left to right. Hebrew speakers do it south, east, west), which means you say from right to left (because Hebrew is remote politics, law and religion. Yet very empirical work had been done on t terms l questions until recently. The idea that language might shape thought was for a long time considered untestable at best and more ofte n simply crazy and wrong. things like, "There's an ant on your written from right to left.

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The rhetorical devices used in this case are:

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