Create a table comparing the three types of learning. • List two people associat
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Question
Create a table comparing the three types of learning. • List two people associated with each type.• Describe the key terms/concepts and their definitions.
• Give one example from your own life of each type of learning. Create a table comparing the three types of learning. • List two people associated with each type.
• Describe the key terms/concepts and their definitions.
• Give one example from your own life of each type of learning. Don't miss this! Have you ever heard someone refer to "Pavlov's dog? The reference is to a specific study that was conducted by Ivan Pavlov to investigate salivation. The experiment eventually became a study on learning.ClaicCning Specifically, Pavlov focused on classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is a basic form of learning in which a stimulus that produces an innate reflex becomes associated with a previously neutral stimulus, which then acquires the power to elicit essentially the same response. Elements of Classical Conditioning There are four elements of classical conditioning: Classical Conditioning to condson conditioned stimulus, conditioned response. The image on this page illustrates the progression of a neutral stimulus to a conditioned stimulus and a reflex to a conditioned response with classical ne Classical conditioning is a relatively simple process, but there are some factors that can limit its effectiveness. Stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination mean the opposite of one other. Generalization means responding the same way to all similar stimuli (e.g. salivating at the sound of any bell). Discrimination means responding only to a specific stimulus, such as a handbell rather than doorbells, bicycle bell, and so on. A response to a conditioned stimulus can weaken. This is called extinction and it happens if the unconditioned stimulus (food, for Pavlov's dogs) is not presented after the conditioned stimulus (bell). However, the conditioned response can reappear after being extinguished when the CS is presented again. This is called spontaneous Challenges and Applications Classical conditioning emphasizes the role of outside influences over heredity (nurture over nature). However, as with many other theories, it's difficult to separate the effects of these influences. Without a biological predisposition to a particular response, it's unlikely that classical conditioning will occur. For example, you're unlikely to develop a phobia to something that will not cause harm, such as snowPhobias are more likely to be to things that we know can harm us-anything from snakes to modern things such as dental work. The positive side of classical conditioning is that while it can be used to teach a response, it can also be used to change a response. Instead of becoming fearful while flying, classical conditioning can be used to teach a person to relax while seated on an airplane. This technique is called counterconditioning.
Explanation / Answer
A comparative table is as follows-
S. No.
Type of Learning Theory
Major Proponents
Key terms/concepts
Remarks
1
Classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Innate reflex forms association with the previously neutral stimulus. This previous neutral stimulus then evokes a response on its own.
Four elements-
The learning is later on generalized to other similar situations.
Because of conditioning between the furry object and a loud noise, the child gets scared of all the furry objects- teddy bear, grandpa’s beard etc.
2
Instrumental Conditioning
Thorndike and Skinner
The learner is instrumental in learning. Learning is shaped by how often the behavior is reinforced.
Reinforcement could be-
Therefore, schedules of reinforcement are necessary to enhance learning. These schedules are-
We all learn, while driving, to blow horn to get a pass of the vehicle in front. We blow the horn and the vehicle gives way to us, this is a kind of negative reinforcement.
3
Cognitive Learning
Kohler and Tollman
It refers to the processing of information about the learner’s environment. And then using this information to make changes in the behavior.
Insight learning- It involves forming of cognitive maps.
Latent learning- The learning is latent and is manifested only when the need arises.
We all make cognitive maps of the route which we daily commute through. Without much conscious effort the persons learns the route and it becomes a habit for him to take the route later on to reach the destination
4
Observational Learning
Bandura
Learning by observing others. This form of learning is also called as modeling. It involves four steps-
Another key term is long-term potentiation that is the neurons that fire together a repeated number of times, pairing between them occurs and the connections are strengthened.
We observe people behaving in a certain manner and do the same in the similar situation.
S. No.
Type of Learning Theory
Major Proponents
Key terms/concepts
Remarks
1
Classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Innate reflex forms association with the previously neutral stimulus. This previous neutral stimulus then evokes a response on its own.
Four elements-
- Unconditioned Stimulus
- Unconditioned Response
- Conditioned Stimulus
- Conditioned Response
The learning is later on generalized to other similar situations.
Because of conditioning between the furry object and a loud noise, the child gets scared of all the furry objects- teddy bear, grandpa’s beard etc.
2
Instrumental Conditioning
Thorndike and Skinner
The learner is instrumental in learning. Learning is shaped by how often the behavior is reinforced.
Reinforcement could be-
- Positive
- Negative
- Reward
- Punishment
Therefore, schedules of reinforcement are necessary to enhance learning. These schedules are-
- Fixed Ratio
- Fixed Interval
- Variable Ratio
- Variable Interval
We all learn, while driving, to blow horn to get a pass of the vehicle in front. We blow the horn and the vehicle gives way to us, this is a kind of negative reinforcement.
3
Cognitive Learning
Kohler and Tollman
It refers to the processing of information about the learner’s environment. And then using this information to make changes in the behavior.
Insight learning- It involves forming of cognitive maps.
Latent learning- The learning is latent and is manifested only when the need arises.
We all make cognitive maps of the route which we daily commute through. Without much conscious effort the persons learns the route and it becomes a habit for him to take the route later on to reach the destination
4
Observational Learning
Bandura
Learning by observing others. This form of learning is also called as modeling. It involves four steps-
- Attention
- Retention
- Motor reproduction
- Motivation
Another key term is long-term potentiation that is the neurons that fire together a repeated number of times, pairing between them occurs and the connections are strengthened.
We observe people behaving in a certain manner and do the same in the similar situation.
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