Five major theories of human development are described, compared, and evaluated
ID: 3493015 • Letter: F
Question
Five major theories of human development are described, compared, and evaluated in Chapter 2. These are the psychoanalytic theories of Freud and Erikson; the behaviorism of Pavlov and Skinner and the social learning theory of Bandura; epigenetic theory, Piaget's cognitive theory; and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory. Although each theory is too restrictiveto account solely for the tremendous diversity in human development, each has made an important contribution to developmental psychology. To help clarify your understanding of the major developmental theories, this exercise asks you to focus on the similar, contradictory, and complementary aspects of the five theories. 2. Which theories emphasize individual conscious organization of experience? unconscious urges? observable behavior? the interaction of nature and nurture?Explanation / Answer
1)Freud theory is the psychosexual theory which depends upon the factors needed for the development of child from same sex parent.According to this theory, the stage of development of child is classified into various stages starting from the stage oral development, or the native development stage,where the child develops the habit of learning,memory and visualization, the second stage is the stage of further development which includes the habits of cleaning, bathing, and keeping oneself clean throughout life so as to avoid the occurence of diseases.The next stage is the stage of inheriting the authority and power from the same sex parent.In the next stage, the child develops the ability to learn and withstand the difficult environment and surroundings.In the next stage, the development of reproductive organs takes place with the help of hormones leading to the child achieving maturity.The next stage includes the stage of work production and creativity, in addition to this the next stage is that of stagnation , finally it is the death stage or the last stage.
Eriknson theory starts with the stage of trust and mistrust in child, then proceeding to the stage of shame and doubt in maintaining the health of child in development,the next stage includes the age of maturity where the child takes a good or a bad decision regarding his career and future marriage prospects after maturity.The next stage is that of performing job where the grown up child starts interacting with colleagues in job and learns the potential of important aspects of authority and leadership qualities in job.The next stage includes the dilemma stage, where the prson is not sure about the advancement in career prospects. Finally the last stage is the stage of senility and death stage.
In the Pavlov and skinner theory, Skinner has defined the neurological studies of Pavlov on dogs and said that the studies on white rats should be studied in more detail to emphasize on similar effects in humans.He described the reflexes studied by Pavlov as conditioned and unconditioned reflexes.
Bandura theory relates the study of self-regulation,consciousness and work to survive in jobs is classified in three ways namely--the independent effort, the indirect way of achieving success through the activity and percetion of others and the collboration way where everyone contributes to the success of everyone irrespective of disparity in wages and with no cultural bias.
Piaget theory--it involves the study of aspects and characteristics involved in the development of child and the ability of child to lean languages and attributes and features.
Vygotsky principles depend upon the understanding of various rules and regulations governing the setting, infrastructure and development of institutions,cultural and historical prospects.
2)conscious organization of experiance---Erikson theory and Freud theory
unconsious urges---present in the theory of Pavlov and skinner.
observable behavior--Watson and skinner theory.
Interaction of nature and nurture--Bowlby theory of attachment.
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