AUle H&ves; in a different direction than the other variable. Question 24 1 pts

Question

AUle H&ves; in a different direction than the other variable. Question 24 1 pts To be able to say, "X caused Z to occur", which of the following must be true? O A. X must be one of three variables that happen before Z. B. Z must happen just before X appears in time (Z precedes X) C. X must happen before Z appears in time (X precedes Z). O D. Z & X occur at random times and in random ways. O E. There must be alternative explanations for Z (internal validity issues). 1 pts Question 25 lCmmunication phenomena important when considering

Explanation / Answer

c. X must happen before Z appears in time (X precedes Z)

the question demonstrates a causation principle. x causes z. it is of prime importance to note that if x does not appen z may fail to appear in time because the question clearly states 'x caused z to occur'. in the absence of x, z would be ceased to occur.

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